{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T01:02:39Z","timestamp":1779843759406,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114-2320-B-A49-040-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2320-B-A49-040-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2320-B-075-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2320-B-075-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V115C-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V115C-052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05026-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:09:20Z","timestamp":1776337760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Involvement of a creBC\u2212anmK\u2212L1\/L2 regulatory circuit in \u03b2-lactamase expression and \u03b2-lactam resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4111-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuey-Ching","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsu-Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Jung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4049-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"En-Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3774-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Liang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5026_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00027-07","volume":"72","author":"JT Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park JT, Uehara T. How bacteria consume their own exoskeletons (turnover and recycling of cell wall peptidoglycan). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008;72:211\u201327.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"5026_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000636","volume":"67","author":"S Dhar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhar S, Kumari H, Balasubramanian D, Mathee K. Cell-wall recycling and synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-their role in the development of resistance. J Med Microbiol. 2018;67:1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"5026_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2007.00095.x","volume":"32","author":"A Zapun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zapun A, Contreras-Martel C, Vernet T. Penicillin-binding proteins and \u03b2-lactam resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008;32:361\u201385.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5026_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/35.2.271","volume":"35","author":"TR Walsh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Walsh TR, Payne DJ, Mac Gowan AP, Bennett PM. A clinical isolate of Aeromonas sobria with three chromosomally mediated inducible \u03b2-lactamases: a cephalosporinase, a penicillinase and a third enzyme, displaying carbapenemase activity. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995;35:271\u20139.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR5","first-page":"315","volume":"111","author":"J Lodge","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lodge J, Busby S, Piddock L. Investigation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa ampR gene and its role in the chromosomal ampC \u03b2-lactamase promoter. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1993;111:315\u201320.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"5026_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00682-07","volume":"52","author":"RM Hu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hu RM, Huang KJ, Wu LT, Hsiao YJ, Yang TC. Induction of L1 and L2 \u03b2-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1198\u2013200.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niumsup P, Simm AM, Nurmahomed K, Walsh TR, Bennett PM, Avison MB. (2003). Genetic linkage of the penicillinase gene, amp, and blrAB, encoding the regulator of \u03b2-lactamase expression in Aeromonas spp. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003; 51:1351\u20138.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg247"},{"key":"5026_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000353","volume":"5","author":"B Moya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moya B, Dotsch A, Juan C, Blazquez J, Zamorano L, Haussler S, Oliver A. \u03b2-Lactam resistance response triggered by inactivation of a nonessential penicillin-binding protein. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000353.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"5026_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81928-5","volume":"88","author":"C Jacobs","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jacobs C, Frere JM, Normark S. Cytosolic intermediates for cell wall biosynthesis and degradation control inducible \u03b2-lactam resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Cell. 1997;88:823\u201332.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"5026_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","volume":"22","author":"GA Jacoby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacoby GA. AmpC \u03b2-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:161\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5026_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208316666220512121205","volume":"16","author":"R Majumdar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Majumdar R, Karthikeyan H, Senthilnathan V, Sugumar S. Review on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An emerging multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen. Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2022;16:329\u201354.","journal-title":"Recent Pat Biotechnol"},{"key":"5026_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin CW, Huang YW, Hu RM, Chiang KH, Yang TC. (2009). The role of AmpR in the regulation of L1 and L2 \u03b2-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Res Microbiol. 2009; 160:152\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2008.11.001"},{"key":"5026_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01513-08","volume":"53","author":"TC Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang TC, Huang YW, Hu RM, Huang SC, Lin YT. AmpDI is involved in expression of the chromosomal L1 and L2 \u03b2-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2902\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01283-09","volume":"54","author":"YW Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang YW, Lin CW, Hu RM, Lin YT, Chung TC, Yang TC. AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 \u03b2-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:2583\u20139.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05645-11","volume":"56","author":"YW Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang YW, Hu RM, Lin CW, Chung TC, Yang TC. NagZ-dependent and NagZ-independent mechanisms for \u03b2-lactamase expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:1936\u201341.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00317-11","volume":"55","author":"CH Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen CH, Huang CC, Chung TC, Hu RM, Huang YW, Yang TC. Contribution of resistance-nodulation-division efflux pump operon semU1-V-W-U2-X to multidrug resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5826\u201333.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013\u2206\u2206CT method. Methods. 2001;25:402\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"5026_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26955","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011186200","volume":"276","author":"MB Avison","year":"2001","unstructured":"Avison MB, Horton RE, Walsh TR, Bennett PM. Escherichia coli CreBC is a global regulator of gene expression that responds to growth in minimal media. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:26955\u201361.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"5026_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.11.3643-3649.2005","volume":"187","author":"T Uehara","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uehara T, Suefuji K, Valbuena N, Meehan B, Donegan M, Park JT. Recycling of the anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid derived from cell wall murein involves a two-step conversion to N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate. J Bacteriol. 2005;187:3643\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5026_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06211.x","volume":"68","author":"G Buist","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buist G, Steen A, Kok J, Kuipers OP. LysM, a widely distributed protein motif for binding to (peptido)glycans. Mol Microbiol. 2008;68:838\u201347.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5026_CR21","first-page":"2327","volume":"156","author":"AE Tayler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tayler AE, Ayala JA, Niumsup P, Westphal K, Baker JA, Zhang L, Walsh TR, Wiedemann B, Bennett PM, Avison MB. Induction of \u03b2-lactamase production in Aeromonas hydrophila is responsive to \u03b2-lactam-mediated changes in peptidoglycan composition. Microbiology(Reading). 2010;156:2327\u201335.","journal-title":"Microbiology(Reading)"},{"key":"5026_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5084","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02556-14","volume":"58","author":"L Zamorano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zamorano L, Moy\u00e0 B, Juan C, Mulet X, Bl\u00e1zquez J, Oliver A. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa CreBC two-component system plays a major role in the response to b-lactams, fitness, biofilm growth, and global regulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:5084\u201395.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5026_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0174704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174704","volume":"12","author":"HH Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang HH, Chen WC, Lin CW, Lin YT, Ning HC, Chang YC, Yang TC. Relationship of the CreBC two-component regulatory system and inner membrane protein CreD with swimming motility in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0174704.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05026-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05026-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05026-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:08:41Z","timestamp":1779840521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05026-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05026-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"S. maltophilia\n                      KJ used in this research was sourced from the microbiological collection at China Medical University Hospital (Taiwan). It was isolated from the sputum of a pneumonia patient. The research was reviewed by Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Taipei Veterans General Hospital (2024-01-015BC). Since the sputum was collected as part of routine medical care and the study only involved bacterial strains without usage of patient\u2019s information or clinical data, the IRB exempted the need for formal consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"508"}}