{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:02:32Z","timestamp":1788886952117,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1403-1-99-71285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1403-1-99-71285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cream pastries, due to their high moisture and nutrient content, are susceptible to growth of foodborne pathogens, which endanger human health. Crocin, an apocarotenoid glycoside from saffron (\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to isolate food-derived strains of common foodborne bacteria, including\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , from cream pastries collected in Iran, and to comparatively evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of crocin in free and niosome-encapsulated forms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 178 cream pastry samples were analyzed for microbial contamination. Target bacteria were isolated, cultured, and identified by standard routine microbiological techniques. Crocin-loaded niosomes prepared by the thin-film hydration method formed nano-sized vesicles (139\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0nm), with a morphology, surface charge (zeta potential: +9.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 mV), and a high encapsulation efficiency (72\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5%) and a sustained in vitro release profile over 48\u00a0h (up to 53% cumulative release at pH 6.8). The antibacterial activity of free and encapsulated crocin against isolated pathogens was assessed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), which were treated as discrete, stepwise endpoints and reported descriptively.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 2 (1.1%),\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 1 (0.56%), and\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 1 (0.56%) of samples. Niosomal crocin exhibited lower MIC and MBC values against\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      compared to free crocin, corresponding to a two-fold reduction in MIC. In contrast, no difference in MIC or MBC values was observed for\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Niosomal encapsulation enhances the physicochemical stability of crocin and improves its antibacterial performance against Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens, offering a biocompatible, natural antimicrobial strategy for improving microbial safety of perishable foods such as cream pastries. Future studies should investigate the underlying mechanisms, such as biofilm disruption and membrane permeabilization, and evaluate the efficacy in real food matrices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05059-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:44:42Z","timestamp":1777103082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibacterial activity of crocin-loaded niosomes against foodborne pathogens isolated from cream pastries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Molaee-aghaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin Akbari","family":"Dehcheshmeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razieh","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Pourmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Abassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoomeh","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Karimaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR1","first-page":"827965","volume":"2014","author":"J Kadariya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kadariya J, Smith TC, Thapaliya D. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: an ongoing challenge in public health. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014(1):827965.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"5059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-021-10258-0","volume":"27","author":"S Dhanam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhanam S, Arumugam T, Rajasekar S. Biofilm effects of the soil Bacillus cereus metabolites: isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2021;27(4):2371\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-134","volume":"80","author":"H Antolak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antolak H, Czyzowska A, Kregiel D. Antibacterial and antiadhesive activities of extracts from edible plants against soft drink spoilage by Asaia spp. J Food Prot. 2017;80(1):25\u201334.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"12","key":"5059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127441","volume":"19","author":"A Tropea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tropea A. Microbial contamination and public health: an overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(12):7441.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.04.024","volume":"52","author":"I Guti\u00e9rrez-del-R\u00edo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-del-R\u00edo I, Fern\u00e1ndez J, Lomb\u00f3 F. Plant nutraceuticals as antimicrobial agents in food preservation: Terpenoids, polyphenols and thiols. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52(3):309\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"5059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110836","volume":"167","author":"M Amini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amini M, Aslani R, Isvand A, Molaee-aghaee E. Farsi gum (zedo gum) coating incorporated with Lactobacillus sakei; a novel shelf-life extension for Turkey breast during refrigerated storage. Food Control. 2025;167:110836.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"5059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110825","volume":"423","author":"A Isvand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isvand A, Karimaei S, Amini M. Assessment of chitosan coating enriched with Citrus limon essential oil on the quality characteristics and shelf life of beef meat during cold storage. Int J Food Microbiol. 2024;423:110825.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010060","volume":"13","author":"S Primavilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Primavilla S, Pagano C, Roila R, Branciari R, Ranucci D, Valiani A, et al. Antibacterial activity of Crocus sativus l. petals extracts against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, with a special focus on Clostridia. Life. 2022;13(1):60.","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8214821","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8214821","volume":"2022","author":"M Butnariu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butnariu M, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sharifi-Rad J, Singh L, Aborehab NM, et al. The pharmacological activities of Crocus sativus L.: a review based on the mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities of its phytoconstituents. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022(1):8214821.","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"5","key":"5059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-022-01964-x","volume":"14","author":"K Lachguer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lachguer K, El Merzougui S, Boudadi I, Laktib A, Ben El Caid M, Ramdan B, et al. Major phytochemical compounds, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of six aqueous and organic extracts of Crocus sativus L. flower waste. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2023;14(5):1571\u201387.","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz"},{"issue":"44","key":"5059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11701","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04274","volume":"66","author":"F Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding F, Liu F, Shao W, Chu J, Wu B, He B. Efficient synthesis of crocins from crocetin by a microbial glycosyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis 168. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(44):11701\u20138.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"5059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113588","volume":"163","author":"Z Najafi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Najafi Z, Cetinkaya T, Bildik F, Altay F, Ye\u015fil\u00e7ubuk N\u015e. Nanoencapsulation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract in zein nanofibers and their application for the preservation of sea bass fillets. Lwt. 2022;163:113588.","journal-title":"Lwt"},{"key":"5059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matos M, Pando D, Guti\u00e9rrez G. Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients by niosomes. InLipid-based nanostructures for food encapsulation purposes. Academic Press; 2019. p. 447\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815673-5.00011-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815673-5.00011-8"},{"key":"5059_CR14","unstructured":"Bhowmick M, Bhowmick P, Chakraborty R, Afrose N. Niosome drug delivery system: a versatile approach for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Lipid Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery. 2024;45."},{"key":"5059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106415","volume":"120","author":"D Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li D, Wu G, Zhang H, Qi X. Preparation of crocin nanocomplex in order to increase its physical stability. Food Hydrocolloids. 2021;120:106415.","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010067","volume":"17","author":"SM Mawazi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mawazi SM, Ge Y, Widodo RT. Niosome preparation techniques and structure\u2014An illustrated review. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):67.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"5059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habibi Z, Mohseni E, Zahedani MR, Zolghadri S. Investigation and comparison of the antioxidant properties of crocin and gallic acid-loaded Nanoniosomes. Results Chem. 2026:103059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2026.103059.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2026.103059"},{"issue":"16","key":"5059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2156474","volume":"64","author":"D Dehnad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dehnad D, Emadzadeh B, Ghorani B, Rajabzadeh G, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. Nano-vesicular carriers for bioactive compounds and their applications in food formulations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(16):5583\u2013602.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"5059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.104969","volume":"153","author":"Y-n Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y-n, Wang Y, Zheng Y-h, Liu T-l, Zhang C. Crocins: A comprehensive review of structural characteristics, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Fitoterapia. 2021;153:104969.","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"5059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabi P, Heydarinasab A, Shahriari S, Vaziri Yazdi A. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of crocin from saffron using natural deep eutectic solvents: cryogenic grinding technology, yield optimization, and kinetic analysis. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2025;18(8):7160\u201378.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-025-03875-w"},{"key":"5059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124567","volume":"664","author":"AA Alsa\u2019d","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alsa\u2019d AA, Greene MK, Tayyem M, Elmore B, Abed A, Burden RE, et al. Optimising intracellular delivery of antibiotic loaded PLGA nanoparticles to macrophages. Int J Pharm. 2024;664:124567.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"5059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140185","volume":"457","author":"Q Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Q, Lv L, Liang W, Chen Z, Deng Q, Sun L, et al. Screening, characterization and mechanism of a potential stabiliser for nisin nanoliposomes with high encapsulation efficiency. Food Chem. 2024;457:140185.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"5059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.903010","volume":"22","author":"A Budhiraja","year":"2015","unstructured":"Budhiraja A, Dhingra G. Development and characterization of a novel antiacne niosomal gel of rosmarinic acid. Drug Delivery. 2015;22(6):723\u201330.","journal-title":"Drug Delivery"},{"key":"5059_CR24","unstructured":"Patel JB, editor. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clinical and laboratory standards institute; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-09179-6","volume":"51","author":"S Karimaei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karimaei S, Aghamir SMK, Pourmand MR. Comparative analysis of genes expression involved in type II toxin-antitoxin system in Staphylococcus aureus following persister cell formation. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51(1):324.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.34172\/ddj.2022.09","volume":"11","author":"M Akhlaghi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akhlaghi M, Eftekharivash L, Taebpour M, Afereydoon S, Ebrahimpour M, Mehrizi MZ, et al. Improving the therapeutic performance of glycyrrhiza glabra hydroalcoholic extract using liposomal nano-carriers and their characterization. Disease Diagnosis. 2022;11(2):39\u201348.","journal-title":"Disease Diagnosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-014-3276-y","volume":"292","author":"I Ostolska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ostolska I, Wi\u015bniewska M. Application of the zeta potential measurements to explanation of colloidal Cr2O3 stability mechanism in the presence of the ionic polyamino acids. Colloid Polym Sci. 2014;292(10):2453\u201364.","journal-title":"Colloid Polym Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02073-w","volume":"11","author":"R Naderi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naderi R, Pardakhty A, Abbasi MF, Ranjbar M, Iranpour M. Preparation and evaluation of crocin loaded in nanoniosomes and their effects on ischemia\u2013reperfusion injuries in rat kidney. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):23525.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"5059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2014.923911","volume":"18","author":"FY Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee FY, Htar TT, Akowuah GA. ATR-FTIR and spectrometric methods for the assay of crocin in commercial saffron spices (Crocus savitus L). Int J Food Prop. 2015;18(8):1773\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Food Prop"},{"issue":"12","key":"5059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1864279","volume":"62","author":"D Cerda-Bernad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cerda-Bernad D, Valero-Cases E, Pastor J-J, Frutos MJ. Saffron bioactives crocin, crocetin and safranal: Effect on oxidative stress and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(12):3232\u201349.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"5059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.03.063","volume":"128","author":"L Maggi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maggi L, Carmona M, Kelly SD, Marigheto N, Alonso GL. Geographical origin differentiation of saffron spice (Crocus sativus L. stigmas)\u2013Preliminary investigation using chemical and multi-element (H, C, N) stable isotope analysis. Food Chem. 2011;128(2):543\u20138.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"5059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sirati R, Khajehrahimi AE, Kazempoor R, Kakoolaki S, Ghorbanzadeh A. Development, physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of niosome-loaded oregano essential oil against fish-borne pathogens. Heliyon. 2024;10(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26486.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26486"},{"issue":"7","key":"5059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11071006","volume":"11","author":"A Menini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menini A, Mascarello G, Giaretta M, Brombin A, Marcolin S, Personeni F, et al. The critical role of consumers in the prevention of foodborne diseases: an ethnographic study of Italian families. Foods. 2022;11(7):1006.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"4","key":"5059_CR34","first-page":"69","volume":"9","author":"J Asgarpanah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asgarpanah J, Darabi-Mahboub E, Mahboubi A, Mehrab R, Hakemivala M. In-Vitro Evaluation of Crocus Sativus L. Petals and Stamens as Natural Antibacterial Agents Against Food-Borne Bacterial Strains: Crocus sativus L. petals and stamens as natural antibacterial agents against food-borne bacterial strains. Iran J Pharm Sci. 2013;9(4):69\u201382.","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"5059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kashef MT, Saleh NM, Assar NH, Ramadan MA. The antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes against ciprofloxacin-resistant and biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2020:1619\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S249628.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S249628"},{"issue":"5","key":"5059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-014-0141-8","volume":"15","author":"HS Barakat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barakat HS, Kassem MA, El-Khordagui LK, Khalafallah NM. Vancomycin-eluting niosomes: a new approach to the inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm on abiotic surfaces. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;15(5):1263\u201374.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"3","key":"5059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2013.860553","volume":"20","author":"S Ghanbarzadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghanbarzadeh S, Khorrami A, Pourmoazzen Z, Arami S. Plasma stable, pH-sensitive non-ionic surfactant vesicles simultaneously enhance antiproliferative effect and selectivity of Sirolimus. Pharm Dev Technol. 2015;20(3):279\u201387.","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.09.031","volume":"22","author":"C Pintado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pintado C, de Miguel A, Acevedo O, Nozal L, Novella JL, Rotger R. Bactericidal effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on Salmonella enterica during storage. Food Control. 2011;22(3\u20134):638\u201342.","journal-title":"Food Control"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05059-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05059-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05059-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:43:36Z","timestamp":1781649816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05059-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05059-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"531"}}