{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:01:02Z","timestamp":1784869262313,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The hospital setting provides a critical environment for understanding the public health implications of antibiotic resistance, given the diversity of clinical samples and bacteria encountered. This study investigated the resistotyping and detection of ESBL and AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in clinical Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria were obtained from the laboratory benches of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria for three months, and identified. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out using the disc diffusion method, while detection of ESBL production was done using the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). Biofilm formation by the isolates was detected using the Tissue Culture Plate method. Screening for hypermucoviscosity in\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates was done using the string test. Genotyping of the ESBL-producing isolates for ESBL and AmpC \u03b2-lactamases was done using primer-specific PCR. Seventy-two isolates [(\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (38),\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    (14),\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (12),\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5),\n                    <jats:italic>Hafnia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1),\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1) and\n                    <jats:italic>Morganella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1)] were identified. The resistance of the isolates to the antibiotics was: amoxicillin-clavulanate (69.4%), cefepime (59.7%), ceftriaxone and azithromycin (56.9% each), aztreonam 54.2%, gentamicin (52.8%), ampicillin-sulbactam (48.6%), ciprofloxacin (45.8), ceftazidime (38.9%), cefoxitin (36.1%) and cefuroxime (19.4%). Fifty-three isolates (73.6%) had multidrug-resistant phenotypes and 21 were ESBL producers. Thirty-five of the total isolates were biofilm producers, while 21.1% of the\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    were hypermucoviscous. The frequency of genes in the 21 ESBL producers was\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    (35.3%),\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M<\/jats:sub>\n                    (29.4%),\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    (23.5%) and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY<\/jats:sub>\n                    (11.8%). The occurrence of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria from clinics raises alarm on the need to further educate people on the consequences of indiscriminate usage of antibiotics without prescription.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05129-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1779859431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic resistance profiles and co-occurrence of ESBL and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase genes in ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria of clinical origin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2871-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abimbola O.","family":"Adekanmbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lateef T.","family":"Ishola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther B.","family":"Ogunsakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope A.","family":"Ajamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fareedah T.","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03485-0","volume":"24","author":"M Tilahun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tilahun M, Sharew B, Shibabaw A. Antimicrobial resistance profile and associated factors of hospital-acquired gram-negative bacterial pathogens among hospitalized patients in northeast Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24(1):339.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"5129_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott JF, Hardefeldt LY. (2024). Other Beta-lactam Antibiotics: Beta\u2010lactamase Inhibitors, Carbapenems, and Monobactams. Antimicrob therapy veterinary Med, 169\u201386.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119654629.ch9"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2024.060","volume":"23","author":"PK Priya, Gaur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Priya, Gaur PK, Kumar S. Nanocarrier-Mediated Dermal Drug Delivery System of Antimicrobial Agents for Targeting Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2025;23(1):2\u201328.","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867329666220620165429","volume":"30","author":"V Agarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal V, Tiwari A, Varadwaj P. An Extensive Review on \u03b2-lactamase Enzymes and their Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem. 2023;30(7):783\u2013808.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"5129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937","volume":"11","author":"A Husna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husna A, Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Sikder MH, Islam MR, Rahman MT, Ashour HM. ExtendedSpectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL): challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines. 2023;11(11):2937.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"5129_CR6","unstructured":"Lascols C. Global Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum \u00df-lactamases and carbapenemases in Enterobacterales (Doctoral dissertation, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay). 2024;1\u2013175."},{"key":"5129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoseinzadeh M, Sedighi M, Yahyapour Y, Javanian M, Beiranvand M, Mohammadi M, Zarei S, Pournajaf A, Ebrahimzadeh Namvar A. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in northern Iran. Heliyon. 2024;10(18):e37534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37534.\u00a0PMID: 39315185; PMCID: PMC11417531.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37534"},{"issue":"3","key":"5129_CR8","first-page":"16","volume":"18","author":"K Kaur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaur K. An overview of the production of AmpC and Metallo-\u03b2-Lactamase enzymes in Escherichia coli. Med Lab J. 2024;18(3):16\u201320.","journal-title":"Med Lab J"},{"issue":"03","key":"5129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1744239","volume":"14","author":"T Salvia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salvia T, Dolma KG, Dhakal OP, Khandelwal B, Singh LS. Phenotypic detection of ESBL, AmpC, MBL, and their co-occurrence among MDR Enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Lab Physicians. 2022;14(03):329\u201335.","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"5129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092556","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1092556","volume":"13","author":"L Narendrakumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Narendrakumar L, Chakraborty M, Kumari S, Paul D, Das B. \u03b2-Lactam potentiators to re-sensitize resistant pathogens: Discovery, development, clinical use and the way forward. Front Microbiol. 2023;13:1092556.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5129_CR11","first-page":"493","volume":"45","author":"A Bauer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Patholology. 1996;45(4):493\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Patholology"},{"key":"5129_CR12","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (34th ed.). CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2024. pp. 1\u2013433."},{"issue":"3","key":"5129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler JF, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson DL, Rice LB, Stelling J, Struelens MJ, Vatopoulos A, Weber JT, Monnet DL. Multidrug\u2010resistant, extensively drug\u2010resistant and pandrug\u2010resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR14","first-page":"129","volume":"37","author":"CT Fang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fang CT, Chuang YC, Shun CT, Chang SC. Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in adults: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004;37(2):129\u201335.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"5129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985","volume":"22","author":"GD Christensen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM, Beachey EH. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: A quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22(6):996\u20131006.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5129_CR16","first-page":"659","volume":"108","author":"S Stepanovi\u0107","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stepanovi\u0107 S, Vukovi\u0107 D, Hola V, Di Bonaventura G, Djuki\u0107 S, Cirkovi\u0107 I, Ruzicka F. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: Overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci. APMIS. 2000;108(8):659\u201365.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.114-120.2004","volume":"70","author":"C Maynard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maynard C, Fairbrother JM, Bekal S, Sanschagrin F, Levesque RC, Brousseau R, Masson L. Antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased animals in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(1):114\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01412-06","volume":"51","author":"N Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a N, Leitao J, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Canica M. Spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(6):1946\u201355.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"5129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2752-2758","volume":"13","author":"R Mandakini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mandakini R, Roychoudhury P, Subudhi PK, Kylla H, Samanta I, Bandyopadhayay S, Dutta TK. Higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in unorganized pig farms compared to organized pig farms in Mizoram, India. Vet World. 2020;13(12):2752\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2752-2758.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR20","first-page":"98","volume":"38","author":"AO Adekanmbi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adekanmbi AO, Akinlabi OC, Olaposi AC. Leachate Generated from a public abattoir in Nigeria is a repository of Escherichia coli carrying a high Burden of Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL) genes. Acta Microbiol Bulg. 2022;38(2):98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Bulg"},{"key":"5129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husna A, Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Sikder MH, Islam MR, Rahman MT, Alam J, Ashour HM. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL): challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines. 2023;11(11):2937:1\u201322.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937"},{"key":"5129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-01023-5","volume":"10","author":"F Arena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arena F, Coda ARD, Meschini V, Verzicco R, Liso A. Droplets generated from toilets during urination as a possible vehicle of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021;10:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"5129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux013","volume":"41","author":"S Navon-Venezia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Navon-Venezia S, Kondratyeva K, Carattoli A. Klebsiella pneumoniae: a major worldwide source and shuttle for antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017;41(3):252\u201375.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5129_CR24","unstructured":"Kibuchi MJ. Klebsiella pneumoniae prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and social demographic factors among patients with nosocomial infections in Kiambu County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University). 2021:1\u201372."},{"key":"5129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.09.018","volume":"29","author":"C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu C, Xu M, Li X, Dong H, Ming L. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections at a large tertiary-care hospital in China: a 10-year retrospective study (2010\u20132019). J Global Antimicrob Resist. 2022;29:413\u20139.","journal-title":"J Global Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"5129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalil MB, Al Atbee MYN. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(9):e24619:1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24619"},{"key":"5129_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmanov A, Shchehlov D, Svyrydiuk O, Bortnik I, Mamonova M, Korniyenko S, Gudym M, Maliarchuk R, Bondar T. Epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of responsible pathogens in Ukraine: a multicentre study. J Hosp Infect. 2023;131:129\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.10.007"},{"key":"5129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083009","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1083009","volume":"12","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Q, Chen M, Ou Q, Zheng L, Chen X, Mao G, Fang J, Jin D, Tang X. Carbapenem-resistant hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in China: Antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance phenotype, epidemiological characteristics, microbial virulence, and risk factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:1083009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1083009. PMID: 36619764; PMCID: PMC9811262.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5129_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2016.63013","volume":"6","author":"U Umar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Umar U, Anagor S, Aliyu A, Suleiman A. Hypermucoviscosity in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae Correlates with High Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index. Open J Med Microbiol. 2016;6:97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojmm.2016.63013.","journal-title":"Open J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5129_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.103896","volume":"4","author":"M Singhai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singhai M, Malik A, Shahid M, Malik MA, Goyal R. A study on device-related infections with special reference to biofilm production and antibiotic resistance. J Global Infect Dis. 2012;4(4):193\u20138.","journal-title":"J Global Infect Dis"},{"key":"5129_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cepas V, L\u00f3pez Y, Mu\u00f1oz E, Rolo D, Ardanuy C, Mart\u00ed S, Xercavins M, Horcajada JP, Bosch J, Soto SM. Relationship between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-Negative bacteria. Microb Drug Resist. 2019;25(1):72\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0027.\u00a0Epub 2018 Aug 24. PMID: 30142035.","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0027"},{"issue":"6","key":"5129_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D7-15","volume":"7","author":"HP Nepal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nepal HP, Neopane P, Shrestha R, Gautam R, Paudel R, Ansari S, Shrestha S, Thapa S. Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients visiting a tertiary care center of Nepal. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2017;7(6):347\u201351.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03380-8","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang Q, Huang J, Guo H, Wu D, Zhang J, Lu H. Biofilm-producing ability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinically isolated in China. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24(1):Article177.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00679-2","volume":"23","author":"SA Alshaikh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alshaikh SA, El-banna T, Sonbol F, Farghali MH. Correlation between antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence determinants in uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Egyptian hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2024;23(1):20.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"5129_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nirwati H, Sinanjung K, Fahrunissa F, Wijaya F, Napitupulu S, Hati VP, Nuryastuti T. Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital, Klaten, Indonesia. In BMC Proceedings. London: Biomed Central. 2019;13(11):20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12919-019-0176-7"},{"key":"5129_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.024","volume":"21","author":"N Hoiby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Moser C, Bassi GL, Coenye T, Donelli G, et al. ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of bio\u00fblm infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;21:S1\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5129_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030857","volume":"199","author":"CT Fang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fang CT, Chuang YP, Shun CT, Chang SC, Wang JT. A novel virulence gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing primary liver abscess and septic metastatic complications. J Exp Med. 2004;199:697\u2013705.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5129_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0642","volume":"89","author":"NO Nkrumah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nkrumah NO, Danso KT, Krogfelt KA, Newman MJ. High Levels of ExtendedSpectrum Beta-Lactamases in a Major Teaching Hospital in Ghana: The Need for Regular Monitoring and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89(5):960\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-015-0013-1","volume":"16","author":"JN Kateregga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kateregga JN, Kantume R, Atuhaire C, Lubowa MN, Ndukui JG. Phenotypic expression and prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae I n samples collected from patients in various wards of Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Biomed Cent Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;16(1):14.","journal-title":"Biomed Cent Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR40","first-page":"2","volume":"1","author":"GS Mulisa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mulisa GS, Tilaye W, Jarso G, Shiferew T, Zewdu A, et al. Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: A cross sectional study at Adama Hospital, Adama, Ethiopia. J Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;1(1):2\u20136.","journal-title":"J Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-015-0054-7","volume":"4","author":"S Eshetie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eshetie S, Unakal C, Gelaw A, Ayelign B, Endris M, Moges F. Multidrug-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among patients with urinary tract infection at referral Hospital. Northwest Ethiopia Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(1):12.","journal-title":"Northwest Ethiopia Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"5129_CR42","first-page":"34","volume":"54","author":"MF Mushi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mushi MF, Mshana SE, Imirzalioglu C, Bwanga F. Carbapenemase genes among multidrug resistant Gram negative clinical isolates from a Tertiary Hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. Biomed Res Int. 2014;54:34\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR43","first-page":"101","volume":"35","author":"S Mansouri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mansouri S, Abbasi S. Prevalence of multiple drug resistant clinical isolates of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Southeast Iran. Int J Med Sci. 2015;35(2):101\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1495-1","volume":"16","author":"TA Leski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leski TA, Taitt CR, Bangura U, Stockelman MG, Ansumana R, Cooper WH, et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from outpatient urine samples but not the hospital environment in Bo, Sierra Leone. Biomed Cent Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):167.","journal-title":"Biomed Cent Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5129_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2197-2200.2003","volume":"41","author":"IE Aibinu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aibinu IE, Ohaegbulam VC, Adenipekun EA, Ogunsola FT, Odugbemi TO, Mee BJ. Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter species from Lagos, Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(5):2197\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4038\/sljid.v2i1.3716","volume":"1","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chatterjee M, Banerjee M, Guha S, Lahiri A, Karak K. Study of drug urinary isolates in an urban hospital setting in Eastern India. Sri Lankan J Infect Disease. 2012;1(2):36\u201341.","journal-title":"Sri Lankan J Infect Disease"},{"issue":"8","key":"5129_CR47","first-page":"61","volume":"100","author":"ZB Oz\u00e7akar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oz\u00e7akar ZB, Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya F, Kavaz A, Kad\u0131oglu G, Elhan AH, Aysev D, G\u00fcriz H, Ekim M. Urinary tract infections owing to ESBL-producing bacteria: microorganisms change clinical pattern does not. Acta Paediatr J. 2011;100(8):61\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"5129_CR48","first-page":"645","volume":"6","author":"G Dalela","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dalela G, Gupta S, Jain DK, Mehta P. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Uropathogens at a Tertiary Care Hospital at Jhalawar with Special Reference to ESBL, AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase and Mrsa Production. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;6(4):645\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.127280","volume":"5","author":"N Shashwati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shashwati N, Kiran T, Dhanvijay AG. Study of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic co-resistance in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Nat Sci Biology Med. 2014;5(1):30.","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biology Med"},{"key":"5129_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0488-4","volume":"8","author":"DS Teklu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teklu DS, Negeri AA, Legese MH, Bedada TL, Woldemariam HK, Tullu KD. Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase production and multi-drug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:39.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i1.2","volume":"27","author":"Y Ibrahim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ibrahim Y, Sani Y, Saleh Q, Saleh A, Hakeem G. Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase and Carbapenemase co-producing clinical isolates from Two Tertiary Hospitals in Kano, North West Nigeria. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2017;27(1):3010.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"5129_CR52","first-page":"43","volume":"5","author":"B Andrew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrew B, Kagirita A, Bazira J. Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-Producing Microorganisms in Patients Admitted at KRRH, Southwestern Uganda. Int J Microbiol. 2017;5:43\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"5129_CR53","first-page":"780","volume":"121","author":"VJ Mary","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mary VJ, Kandathi AJ, Balaji V. Comparison of the methods for the detection of the Carbapenemase and the metallo-\u03b2-lactamases production in the clinical isolates. Indian J Med Res. 2005;121:780\u201383.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-015-0085-0","volume":"4","author":"KK Yadav","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yadav KK, Adhikari N, Khadka R, Pant AD, Shah B. Multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Extended spectrum Beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli: a cross-sectional study in National Kidney Center, Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(1):42.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"5129_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spanu T, Luzzaro F, Perilli M, Amicosante G, Toniolo A, Fadda G, Italian ESBL Study Group. Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae in Italy: Implications for Resistance to Beta-Lactams and other antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(1):196\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.196-202.2002"},{"key":"5129_CR56","first-page":"196","volume":"2","author":"IR Iroha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iroha IR, Egwu OA, Ngozi AT, Chidiebube NA, Chika EP. Extended Spectrum Beta\u2013Lactamase (ESBL) Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics among Klebsiella pneumonia in Enugu Metropolis. Macedonian J Med Sci. 2009;2:196\u20139.","journal-title":"Macedonian J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR57","first-page":"79","volume":"5","author":"M Yusha\u2019u","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yusha\u2019u M, Olonitola SO, Aliyu BS. Prevalence of Extended Spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLS)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Kano, Nigeria. Int J Biomedical Health Sci. 2009;5(2):79\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Biomedical Health Sci"},{"key":"5129_CR58","unstructured":"Osazuwa F, Osazuwa EO. Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and their susceptibility rates to antibiotics in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences (RJPBCS). 2011;2(1):603\u201307."},{"issue":"6","key":"5129_CR59","first-page":"1450","volume":"78","author":"M Castanheira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castanheira M, Simner PJ, Bradford PA, Mendes RE. Incidence of ESBLs and carbapenemases among Enterobacterales and carbapenemases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected globally: Results from ATLAS 2017\u20132019. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(6):1450\u201361.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"5129_CR60","first-page":"17","volume":"2","author":"I Azekhume","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azekhume I, Moses AE, Abbey SD. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase in clinical isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. J Adv Med Pharmaceuticals. 2015;2(3):17\u201325.","journal-title":"J Adv Med Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"5129_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giwa FJ, Ige OT, Haruna DM Yaqub Y, Lamido TZ, Usman SY. ExtendedSpectrum Beta-lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in a Tertiary Hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Pathology. 2018;9(1):11\u201316.","DOI":"10.4103\/atp.atp_39_17"},{"key":"5129_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.001","volume":"11","author":"Y Chong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chong Y, Ito Y, Kamimura T. Genetic evolution and clinical impact in Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Mol Epidemiol Evolutionary Genet Infect Dis. 2011;11:1499\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Mol Epidemiol Evolutionary Genet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"5129_CR63","first-page":"5433","volume":"6","author":"M Moosavian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moosavian M, Deiham B. Distribution of TEM, SHV and CTX-M Genes among ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Iran. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6(26):5433\u20139.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.611-614.2002","volume":"40","author":"M Perilli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perilli M, Dell\u2019Amico E, Segatore B, de Massis MR, Bianchi C, Luzzaro F, et al. Molecular characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamases produced by nosocomial isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from an Italian nationwide survey. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(2):611\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5129_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.162","volume":"58","author":"H Tasli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tasli H, Bahar IH. Molecular characterization of TEM and SHV derived ESBL In hospital based Enterobacteriaceae in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005;58:162\u20137.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5129_CR66","first-page":"456","volume":"13","author":"TM Coque","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coque TM, Baquero F, Canton R. Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Europe\u2019s J Infect Disease Surveillance Epidemiol Prev Control. 2008;13:456\u201389.","journal-title":"Europe\u2019s J Infect Disease Surveillance Epidemiol Prev Control"},{"key":"5129_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1086\/604713","volume":"49","author":"R Ben-Ami","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ben-Ami R, Rodriguez-Bano J, Arslan H, Pitout JD, Quentin C, Calbo ES, Azap OK, Arpin C, Pascual A, Livermore DM, Garau J, Carmeli YA. Multinational survey of risk factors for infection with extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase\u2013producing Enterobacteriaceae in non-hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:682\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5129_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizi KS, Mosavat A, Youssefi M, Jamehdar SA, Ghazvini K, Safdari H, Amini Y, Farsiani H. High prevalence of blaCMY AmpC beta-lactamase in ESBL co-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. clinical isolates in the northeast of Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;22:477\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.03.011.\u00a0Epub 2020 Apr 1. PMID: 32247080.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.03.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.600107","volume":"6","author":"MM Abdel-Moaty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdel-Moaty MM, Mohamed WS, Abdel- SM, El-Hendawy HH. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of extended spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase producing Escherichia coli from hospital and community settings in Egypt. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2016;6(1):042\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR70","first-page":"2772","volume":"10","author":"NA Hassuna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassuna NA, Khairalla AS, Farahat EM, Hammad AM, Abdel-Fattah M. Molecular characterization of Extended-spectrum \u03b2 lactamase- producing E. coli recovered from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Upper Egypt. Int J Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2772.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"5129_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1655-3","volume":"16","author":"AS Ouedraogo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouedraogo AS, Sanou M, Kissou A, Sanou S, Solare H, Kabore F, Poda A, Aberkane S, Bouzinbi N, Sano I, Jean-Pierre H, Godreuil S. High prevalence of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae among clinical isolates in Burkina Faso. BioMed Cent Infect Dis. 2016;16(11):326.","journal-title":"BioMed Cent Infect Dis"},{"key":"5129_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0381-6","volume":"7","author":"NO Eltai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eltai NO, Al Thani AA, Al-Ansari K, Deshmukh AS, Wehedy E, Al-Hadidi SH, Yassine HM. Molecular characterization of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases Enterobacteriaceae causing lower urinary tract infection among pediatric population. J Antimicrobial Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:90.","journal-title":"J Antimicrobial Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"5129_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_17_17","volume":"7","author":"N Maleki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maleki N, Tahanasab Z, S., Rezaei A. and, Faghri J. Prevalence of CTX-M and TEM \u03b2-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients with urinary tract infection, Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomedical Res. 2018;7:10.","journal-title":"Adv Biomedical Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5129_CR74","first-page":"15","volume":"31","author":"DO Ogbolu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ogbolu D O. Impact of ESBLs and CREs \u2013 the Nigerian experience. Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot (APUA) News Letter. 2013;31(2):15\u20136.","journal-title":"Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot (APUA) News Letter"},{"key":"5129_CR75","first-page":"7","volume":"10","author":"Y Mohamed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohamed Y, Gadzama GB, Zailani SB, Aboderin AO. Characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species from North Eastern Nigeria. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:7\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5129_CR76","first-page":"20","volume":"11","author":"M Kesselov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kesselov M, Kolar M, Sauer P, Koukalova D, Petrzelova J, Vagnerova I, et al. Molecular biology characteristics of ESBL-positive strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae collected in the Neonatal Unit of the Teaching Hospital in Olomouc. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;11(1):20\u20134.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05129-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05129-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05129-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:12:27Z","timestamp":1784866347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05129-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05129-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Hospitals Management Board, Oyo State Ministry of Health, and was granted under the number: NHREC\/OYOSHRIEC\/10\/11\/22. All experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations set by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health, Oyo state. Consent to participate in the study was not deemed necessary, since no human subject was directly involved in the research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Consent for publication<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"669"}}