{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:32:30Z","timestamp":1786541550936,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002413","name":"Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The release of petroleum and its constituents, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), into the environment poses a significant global threat due to their toxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and\/or carcinogenic properties. Using indigenous PAH-degrading bacteria to decontaminate the PAHs is an eco-friendly, convenient, and non-expensive way in comparison to other traditional physical and chemical methods. In the present study, several bacteria were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils using a culture-enrichment technique. Phenanthrene and naphthalene were used as representative examples of the PAHs and as sole carbon and energy sources for the isolated bacteria. Three isolates (A1, A3, and B8-1) were selected as the most potent phenanthrene and naphthalene degraders. These three most potent isolates were used to build up four different consortiums, and both the individual isolates and developed consortiums were induced to set up biofilms. The results showed that the highest growth and degradation rate of phenanthrene and naphthalene were achieved at 37\u00a0\u00b0C and pH 7. Individual strains had higher phenanthrene degrading capacities compared to microbial consortiums in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Additionally, the developed-biofilm displays an increase in the degradation rate of individual isolates A1, A3, and consortiums. Finally, the selected biofilm degraders were used to investigate the PAHs degradation ability in an artificially contaminated soil. The finding of this experiment demonstrate that the biofilm mode of growth could be more effective in PAHs degradation compared to planktonic cultures, thus it can be applied effectively to remediate PAHs-contaminated soils. The most potent PAHs degraders were identified using 16\u00a0S rRNA, and the phylogenetic sequence analysis of the three isolates was affiliated as B8-1(\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus paramycoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), A1(\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus paranthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and A3(\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05144-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:24:12Z","timestamp":1786353852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using bacterial consortia and biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aly E.","family":"Abo-Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ghazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Labena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel-Mawgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020819","volume":"18","author":"Y Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai Y, Wang R, Rao P, Wu B, Yan L, Hu L, et al. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons using acinetobacter sp. SCYY-5 isolated from contaminated oil sludge: Strategy and effectiveness study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5144_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-017-0896-2","volume":"60","author":"OO Alegbeleye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alegbeleye OO, Opeolu BO, Jackson VA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a critical review of environmental occurrence and bioremediation. Environ Manage. 2017;60(4):758\u201383.","journal-title":"Environ Manage"},{"key":"5144_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes KA. Threats to soil communities: human impacts. In: Cowan DA, editor. Antarcticterrestrial microbiology: physical and biological properties of Antarcticsoils. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 263\u2013277.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45213-0_14"},{"key":"5144_CR4","first-page":"117","volume":"236","author":"S Kuppusamy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R. Ex-situ remediation technologies for environmental pollutants: a critical perspective. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2016;236:117\u201392.","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"5144_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137","volume":"169","author":"AK Haritash","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haritash AK, Kaushik CP. Biodegradation aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review. J Hazard Mater. 2009;169(1\u20133):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"5144_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3233\/AJW-2011-8_1_10","volume":"8","author":"AK Haritash","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haritash AK, Kaushik CP. Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of respirable particulate-bound atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hisar City (India) and their potential health-risks. Asian J water Environ Pollut. 2011;8(1):73\u201380.","journal-title":"Asian J water Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"5","key":"5144_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/10406638.2012.695318","volume":"32","author":"CP Kaushik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaushik CP, Sangwan P, Haritash AK. Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with different sizes of atmospheric particulate in Hisar City and its health aspects. Polycycl Aromat Compd. 2012;32(5):626\u201342.","journal-title":"Polycycl Aromat Compd"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"5144_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.12.090","volume":"177","author":"LW Perelo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perelo LW. In situ and bioremediation of organic pollutants in aquatic sediments. J Hazard Mater. 2010;177(1\u20133):81\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"5144_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562813","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.562813","volume":"11","author":"AB Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel AB, Shaikh S, Jain KR, Desai C, Madamwar D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, toxicity, and remediation approaches. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:562813.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/8064","volume":"6","author":"S Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh S, Haritash AK. Environmental biotechnology for control of environmental pollution. Int J Adv Res. 2018;6:816\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"5144_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales-Guzm\u00e1n G, Ferrera-Cerrato R, Rivera-Cruz M, del Torres-Bustillos C, Arteaga-Garibay LG, Mendoza-L\u00f3pez RI et al. MR,. Diesel degradation by emulsifying bacteria isolated from soils polluted with weathered petroleum hydrocarbons. Appl Soil Ecol. 2017;121(October):127\u201334. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.10.003"},{"key":"5144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02297-4","volume":"203","author":"SK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh SK, Haritash AK. Catabolic enzyme activities during biodegradation of three-ring PAHs by novel DTU-1Y and DTU-7P strains isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil. Arch Microbiol. 2021;203:3101\u201310.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"5144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101744","volume":"23","author":"SK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh SK, Haritash AK. Catabolic enzyme activity and kinetics of pyrene degradation by novel bacterial strains isolated from contaminated soil. Environ Technol Innov. 2021;23:101744.","journal-title":"Environ Technol Innov"},{"issue":"2","key":"5144_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.280520202","volume":"52","author":"RM Atlas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Atlas RM. Microbial hydrocarbon degradation\u2014bioremediation of oil spills. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1991;52(2):149\u201356.","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5144_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee Y, Lee Y, Jeon CO. Biodegradation of naphthalene, BTEX, and aliphatic hydrocarbons by Paraburkholderia aromaticivorans BN5 isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):24\u201330. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36165-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36165-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"5144_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02809-12","volume":"79","author":"EJ Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi EJ, Jin HM, Lee SH, Math RK, Madsen EL, Jeon CO. Comparative genomic analysis and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene (BTEX) degradation pathways of Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(2):663\u201371.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5144_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02259.x","volume":"319","author":"M Andreolli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andreolli M, Lampis S, Zenaro E, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Vallini G. Burkholderia fungorum DBT1: a promising bacterial strain for bioremediation of PAHs-contaminated soils. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2011;319(1):11\u20138.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"5144_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patowary K, Patowary R, Kalita MC, Deka S. Development of an Efficient Bacterial Consortium for the Potential Remediation of Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Sites. 2016;7:1\u201314.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01092"},{"issue":"6","key":"5144_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1139\/m95-063","volume":"41","author":"D Trzesicka-Mlynarz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trzesicka-Mlynarz D, Ward OP. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a mixed culture and its component pure cultures, obtained from PAH-contaminated soil. Can J Microbiol. 1995;41(6):470\u20136.","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"5144_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mangwani N, Kumari S. Das S. Marine Bacterial Biofilms in Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Under Terrestrial Condition in a Soil Microcosm. Pedosphere. 2017;27(3):548\u201358. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60350-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60350-3"},{"key":"5144_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mangwani N, Shukla SK, Rao TS, Das S. Calcium-mediated modulation of Pseudomonas mendocina NR802 biofilm influences the phenanthrene degradation. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. 2014;114:301\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.10.003"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5144_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2016.1196554","volume":"32","author":"N Mangwani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangwani N, Kumari S, Das S. Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing: fidelity in bioremediation technology. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2016;32(1\u20132):43\u201373.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5144_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03489-w","volume":"39","author":"SK Sakshi, Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakshi, Singh SK, Haritash AK. Bacterial degradation of mixed-PAHs and expression of PAH-catabolic genes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;39(2):47.","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5144_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174848","volume":"37","author":"S Hartmans","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hartmans S, Kaptein A, Tramper J, De Bont JAM. Characterization of a Mycobacterium sp. and a Xanthobacter sp. for the removal of vinyl chloride and 1, 2-dichloroethane from waste gases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1992;37:796\u2013801.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5144_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02920482","volume":"63","author":"MG Tadros","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tadros MG, Hughes JB. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by indigenous mixed and pure cultures isolated from coastal sediments. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1997;63:865\u201370.","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5144_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2004.02.002","volume":"54","author":"FM Ghazali","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghazali FM, Rahman RNZA, Salleh AB, Basri M. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil by microbial consortium. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2004;54(1):61\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Biodeterior Biodegradation"},{"key":"5144_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"MT Piakong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piakong MT, Zaida NZ. Effectiveness of single and microbial consortium of locally isolated beneficial microorganisms (LIBeM) in bioaugmentation of oil sludge contaminated soil at different concentration levels: A laboratory scale. J Bioremediat Biodegrad. 2018;9:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Bioremediat Biodegrad"},{"key":"5144_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073349","volume":"63","author":"AA Gorbushina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gorbushina AA, Broughton WJ. Microbiology of the atmosphere-rock interface: how biological interactions and physical stresses modulate a sophisticated microbial ecosystem. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2009;63:431\u201350.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5144_CR29","first-page":"80","volume":"5","author":"ASA Prasad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prasad ASA, Rao KVB. Physico chemical characterization of textile effluent and screening for dye decolorizing bacteria. Glob J Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;5(2):80\u20136.","journal-title":"Glob J Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"5144_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosal D, Ghosh S, Dutta TK, Ahn Y. Currentstate of knowledge in microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs): a review. Frontiers in microbiology. 2016;7:208111.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01369"},{"key":"5144_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-010-0593-8","volume":"217","author":"R Simarro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simarro R, Gonz\u00e1lez N, Bautista LF, Sanz R, Molina MC. Optimisation of key abiotic factors of PAH (naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene) biodegradation process by a bacterial consortium. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011;217:365\u201374.","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"4","key":"5144_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05386.x","volume":"113","author":"TC Feng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feng TC, Cui CZ, Dong F, Feng YY, Liu YD, Yang XM. Phenanthrene biodegradation by halophilic Martelella sp. AD-3. J Appl Microbiol. 2012;113(4):779\u201389.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"5144_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100701","volume":"56","author":"R Margesin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Margesin R, Schinner F. Biodegradation and bioremediation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001;56:650\u201363.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5144_CR34","first-page":"185","volume":"2","author":"S Sihag","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sihag S, Pathak H, Jaroli DP. Factors affecting the rate of biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Int J Pure Appl Biosci. 2014;2(3):185\u2013202.","journal-title":"Int J Pure Appl Biosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5144_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JABB\/2015\/23613","volume":"4","author":"SED Hassan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassan SED, Desouky SE, Fouda A, El-Gamal M, Alemam A. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by klebsiella sp isolated from organic contaminated sediment. J Adv Biol Biotechnol. 2015;4(4):1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Adv Biol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5144_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"A Fouda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fouda A, Hassan SED, Azab MS, Saied E. Decolorization of Different azo dyes and detoxification of dyeing wastewater by Pseudomonas stutzeri (SB_13) isolated from textile dyes effluent. Biotechnol J Int. 2016;15:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Biotechnol J Int"},{"issue":"62","key":"5144_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57540","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA12824F","volume":"6","author":"N Mangwani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangwani N, Shukla SK, Kumari S, Das S, Rao TS. Effect of biofilm parameters and extracellular polymeric substance composition on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. RSC Adv. 2016;6(62):57540\u201351.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"5144_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mangwani N, Kumari S, Das S. Taxonomy and Characterization of Biofilm Forming Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria from Marine Environments Taxonomy and Characterization of Biofilm Forming Polycyclic. Polycycl Aromat Compd. 2019;0(0):1\u201314. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10406638.2019.1666890","DOI":"10.1080\/10406638.2019.1666890"},{"issue":"4","key":"5144_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14867","volume":"130","author":"S Kumari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumari S, Mangwani N, Das S. Naphthalene catabolism by biofilm forming marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa N6P6 and the role of quorum sensing in regulation of dioxygenase gene. J Appl Microbiol. 2021;130(4):1217\u201331.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5144_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.078","volume":"87","author":"K Shimada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shimada K, Itoh Y, Washio K, Morikawa M. Efficacy of forming biofilms by naphthalene degrading Pseudomonas stutzeri T102 toward bioremediation technology and its molecular mechanisms. Chemosphere. 2012;87(3):226\u201333.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"59","key":"5144_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30682-7","volume":"30","author":"OD Navas-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Navas-C\u00e1ceres OD, Parada M, Zafra G. Development of a highly tolerant bacterial consortium for asphaltene biodegradation in soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2023;30(59):123439\u201351.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"5144_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-9063-8-10","volume":"8","author":"TJ McGenity","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGenity TJ, Folwell BD, McKew BA, Sanni GO. Marine crude-oil biodegradation: a central role for interspecies interactions. Aquat Biosyst. 2012;8:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Aquat Biosyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"5144_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-80991-5","volume":"11","author":"M Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma M, Zheng L, Yin X, Gao W, Han B, Li Q, et al. Reconstruction and evaluation of oil-degrading consortia isolated from sediments of hydrothermal vents in the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1456.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5144_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiD, Li K, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu N, Huang S. Synergistic PAH biodegradation by amixed bacterial consortium: based on a multi-substrate enrichment approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(9):24606\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23960-3"},{"key":"5144_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S, Liu Z, Li Z. Synergistic effect and mechanism of enhanced degradation on aromatic compounds by bacterial flora. Microorganisms. 2023;11(1):160.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4388248"},{"key":"5144_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ni\u2019matuzahroh, Trikurniadewi N, Pramadita ARA, Pratiwi IA, Salamun, Fatimah. Biodegradation ofnaphthalene and phenanthrene by Bacillus subtilis 3KP. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2017;11(2):719\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/JPAM.11.2.09.","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.11.2.09"},{"issue":"7","key":"5144_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2020.1754054","volume":"55","author":"V Parab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parab V, Phadke M. Co-biodegradation studies of naphthalene and phenanthrene using bacterial consortium. J Environ Sci Heal Part A. 2020;55(7):912\u201324.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Heal Part A"},{"issue":"6","key":"5144_CR48","first-page":"726","volume":"26","author":"D Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang D, Li Z, Bao X, Li J, Liang H, Duan K, et al. Recent advances in bacterial biodegradation of naphthalene, phenanthrene by bacteria: a review. Sheng wu Gong Cheng xue bao=. Chin J Biotechnol. 2010;26(6):726\u201334.","journal-title":"Chin J Biotechnol"},{"key":"5144_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2015.11.019","volume":"107","author":"M Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu M, Dick WA, Li W, Wang X, Yang Q, Wang T, et al. Bioaugmentation and biostimulation of hydrocarbon degradation and the microbial community in a petroleum-contaminated soil. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2016;107:158\u201364.","journal-title":"Int Biodeterior Biodegradation"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05144-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05144-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05144-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:44:27Z","timestamp":1786538667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05144-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05144-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"721"}}