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All sampling and testing were undertaken solely for routine diagnostic and source-tracing purposes during the outbreak response, with no additional experimental procedures or extra sample collection beyond standard public health practice. Ethical review exemption was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Hinggan League Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. As this work constituted a public health outbreak investigation rather than conventional human-subjects research, separate written informed consent from patients was not required. Animal tissue samples were residual materials obtained from the slaughter of the patient\u2019s diseased sheep.\n                      Bacillus anthracis\n                      was subsequently isolated from swab samples collected from the patient\u2019s skin lesions, sheepskin, sheep meat, and the surfaces of transport vehicles. Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"660"}}