{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:12:17Z","timestamp":1788487937456,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Central Government-guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["2024ZY049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZY049"]}]},{"name":"2022 \u201cKunlun Talent\u201d High-level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program of Qinghai Province"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05264-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:48:22Z","timestamp":1782146902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Composite probiotics improve growth performance and enhance immune and antioxidant capacity in weaned yaks by modulating rumen microbiota and their metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zhilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingkui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haisheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shatuo","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah Am, Bano I, Qazi I H, et al. The Yak-A remarkable animal living in a harsh environment: an overview of its feeding, growth, production performance, and contribution to food security. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1086985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1086985.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1086985"},{"key":"5264_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Li X, Nie C, Wu Y, Luo R, Chen C, et al. Effects of two strains of Lactobacillus isolated from the feces of calves after fecal microbiota transplantation on growth performance, immune capacity, and intestinal barrier function of weaned calves. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1249628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1249628.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1249628"},{"key":"5264_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sachdeva A, Tomar T, Malik T, et al. Exploring probiotics as a sustainable alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters: mechanisms and benefits in animal health. Front Sustainable Food Syst. 2025;8:1523678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1523678.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1523678"},{"key":"5264_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwoji ID, Aiyegoro OA, Okpeku M, et al. Multi-strain probiotics: synergy among isolates enhances biological activities. Biology. 2021;10(4):322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10040322.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040322"},{"key":"5264_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He Q, Lu S, Wang J, et al. Lactobacillus salivarius and Berberine alleviated Yak calves\u2019 diarrhea via accommodating oxidation resistance, inflammatory factors, and intestinal microbiota. Animals. 2024;14(16):2419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14162419.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14162419"},{"key":"5264_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu Y, Wang L, Luo R, et al. Effect of a multispecies probiotic mixture on the growth and incidence of diarrhea, immune function, and fecal microbiota of pre-weaning dairy calves. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:681014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.681014.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.681014"},{"key":"5264_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen GJ, Song SD, Wang BX, et al. Effects of forage: concentrate ratio on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in housing-feeding yaks. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2015;28(12):1736\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ajas.15.0419.","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0419"},{"key":"5264_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964564","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.964564","volume":"13","author":"K PANG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pang K, Chai S, Yang Y, et al. Dietary forage to concentrate ratios impact on yak ruminal microbiota and metabolites. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:964564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.964564.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5264_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/34.1-2.28","volume":"34","author":"WELCH B L. THE","year":"1947","unstructured":"Welch BL. The generalization of \u201cStudent\u2019s\u201d problem when several different population variances are involved. Generalization of Biometrika. 1947;34(1\u20132):28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/34.1-2.28.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"5264_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","volume":"6","author":"HEDGES L V","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hedges LV. Distribution theory for glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educational Stat. 1981;6(2):107\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/10769986006002107.","journal-title":"J Educational Stat"},{"key":"5264_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wynn SG, Foug\u00e8re BJ. Veterinary herbal medicine: a systems-based approach. In: Veterinary Herbal Medicine. Elsevier; 2007. p. 291\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-02998-8.50024-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-02998-8.50024-X"},{"issue":"8","key":"5264_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60252a045","volume":"39","author":"WEATHERBURN M W","year":"1967","unstructured":"Weatherburn MW. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal Chem. 1967;39(8):971\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac60252a045.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM BRADFORD","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72(1-2):248\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"5264_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foote AP. Technical note: analysis of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a dimethyl carbonate extraction. J Anim Sci. 2022;100(8):skac207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skac207.","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac207"},{"key":"5264_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie Y, Cidan Y, Cisang Z, et al. Effect of altitudes on serum parameters, metabolome, and gut microbiota in yaks on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Microbiol Spectr. 20256;14(2):e02549\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02549-25.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02549-25"},{"issue":"10","key":"5264_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0411","volume":"35","author":"W ZHU","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu W, Liu T, Deng J, et al. Microbiome-metabolomics analysis of the effects of decreasing dietary crude protein content on goat rumen mictobiota and metabolites. Anim Biosci. 2022;35(10):1535\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ab.21.0411.","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"5264_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12207","volume":"23","author":"LEGENDRE P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Legendre P. Interpreting the replacement and richness difference components of beta diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2014;23:1324\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/geb.12207.","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5264_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.008","volume":"25","author":"M LAYEGHIFARD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Layeghifard M, Hwang DM, Guttman DS. Disentangling Interactions in the microbiome: a network perspective. Trends Microbiol. 2017;25(3):217\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.008.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5264_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.20.0601","volume":"34","author":"Q FAN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan Q, Wanapat M, Hou F. Rumen bacteria influence milk protein yield of yak grazing on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Anim Biosci. 2021;34(9):1466\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ab.20.0601.","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"5264_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2025.04.006","volume":"22","author":"J YANG","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang J, Li Y, Sun M, et al. Understanding the differences in rumen bacteria and their impact on dairy cows\u2019 production performance: a review. Anim Nutr. 2025;22:259\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2025.04.006.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"5264_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282924","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02829-24","volume":"13","author":"S LI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li S, Wang S, Zhu Y, et al. In vitro dynamics of rumen microbiota and fermentation profiles with Antler growth of Sika deer. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(3):e02829\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02829-24.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"5264_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0044622","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00446-22","volume":"10","author":"X CHEN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Yan F, Liu T, et al. Ruminal microbiota determines the high-fiber utilization of ruminants: evidence from the ruminal microbiota transplant. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4):e00446\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00446-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5264_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casali DM, Loregian KE, da Silva LAF, et al. Effects of adding butyrate or exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal epithelium, metabolism, and microbiota of beef cattle. Animals. 2025;15(23):3380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15233380.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15233380"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5264_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-478","volume":"90","author":"NAGARAJA T G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nagaraja TG, Titgemeyer EC. Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: the current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(Suppl 1):E17\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2006-478.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5264_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10115","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24591","volume":"107","author":"TORALPG HERV\u00e1S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toral PG, Herv\u00e1s G, Frutos P. Invited review: research on ruminal biohydrogenation\u2014achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future approaches from the perspective of dairy science. J Dairy Sci. 2024;107(12):10115\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2023-24591.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5264_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0588","volume":"86","author":"PJ JENKINS T C, WALLACE R J, MOATE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jenkins TC, Wallace RJ, Moate PJ, et al. Board-invited review: recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. J Anim Sci. 2008;86(2):397\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2007-0588.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"5264_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00063","volume":"8","author":"COCKCROFTS BLUNSOM N J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blunsom NJ, Cockcroft S. CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthases (CDS): gateway to phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin synthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2020.00063.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"5264_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun J, et al. Arachidonic acid metabolism in health and disease. MedComm. 2023;4(5):e363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.363.","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.363"},{"key":"5264_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613170","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.613170","volume":"11","author":"K PYRILLOU","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pyrillou K, Burzynski LC, Clarke MCH. Alternative pathways of IL-1 activation, and its role in health and disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:613170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.613170.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5264_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-45","volume":"7","author":"M O\u2019LOUGHLIN A, MCGEE","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019loughlin A, McGee M, Waters SM, et al. Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress. BMC Vet Res. 2011;7:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-7-45.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5264_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091272","volume":"15","author":"C GUASCO","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guasco C, Moriconi M, Vitale N, et al. Weaning as stressor for calf welfare. Animals. 2025;15(9):1272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15091272.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5264_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim ET, Lee HG, KIm DH, et al. Hydrolyzed yeast supplementation in calf starter promotes innate immune responses in holstein calves under weaning stress condition. Animals. 2020;10(9):1468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10091468.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091468"},{"key":"5264_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.025","volume":"73","author":"L MINGHETTI","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minghetti L, Salvi R, Lavinia Salvatori M, et al. Nonenzymatic oxygenated metabolites of \u03b1-linolenic acid B1- and L1-phytoprostanes protect immature neurons from oxidant injury and promote differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors through PPAR-\u03b3 activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;73:41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.025.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.09.137","volume":"6","author":"EG CAVALIERI E L, ROGAN","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts in the etiology and prevention of breast and other human cancers. Future Oncol. 2010;6(1):75\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fon.09.137.","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.197","volume":"5","author":"JJ WEYDERT C J, CULLEN","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weydert CJ, Cullen JJ. Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue. Nat Protoc. 2010;5(1):51\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2009.197.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"5264_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","volume":"97","author":"K JOMOVA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, et al. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol. 2023;97(10):2499\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5264_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190923","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01909-23","volume":"12","author":"X CAI","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai X, Yi P, Chen X, et al. Intake of compound probiotics accelerates the construction of immune function and gut microbiome in Holstein calves. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(6):e01909\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01909-23.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2020-0106","volume":"15","author":"J YAO","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao J, Wang L, Zhang W, et al. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves. Open Life Sci. 2020;15(1):1033\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2020-0106.","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5264_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050785","volume":"13","author":"J ZHOU","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhao K, Shao L, et al. Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and combination of probiotics and enzymes as supplements on growth performance and serum parameters in early-weaned grazing yak calves. Animals. 2023;13(5):785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13050785.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"7","key":"5264_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6906","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-26136","volume":"108","author":"M DE OLIVEIRA","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Oliveira M, Costa C, Fernandes T. Graduate student literature review: concepts and challenges of amino acid supply and nitrogen metabolism in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2025;108(7):6906\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2024-26136.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"5264_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lima J, Ingabire W, Roehe R, et al. Estimating microbial protein synthesis in the Rumen-Can \u2018Omics\u2019 methods provide new insights into a long-standing question? Vet Sci. 2023;10(12):679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10120679.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10120679"},{"issue":"3","key":"5264_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1221025","volume":"8","author":"P GARAI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garai P, Chandra K, Chakravortty D. Bacterial peptide transporters: messengers of nutrition to virulence. Virulence. 2017;8(3):297\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2016.1221025.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"2","key":"5264_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218521","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02185-21","volume":"10","author":"AK PATRA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patra AK, Yu Z. Genomic insights into the distribution of peptidases and proteolytic capacity among prevotella and paraprevotella species. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0218521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02185-21.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0802-y","volume":"75","author":"PJ STEVENSON D M, WEIMER","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stevenson DM, Weimer PJ. Dominance of Prevotella and low abundance of classical ruminal bacterial species in the bovine rumen revealed by relative quantification real-time PCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;75(1):165\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-006-0802-y.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5264_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2018.10.001","volume":"42","author":"T ACCETTO","year":"2019","unstructured":"Accetto T, Avgu\u0161tin G. The diverse and extensive plant polysaccharide degradative apparatuses of the rumen and hindgut Prevotella species: a factor in their ubiquity? Syst Appl Microbiol. 2019;42(2):107\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.syapm.2018.10.001.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1996.0065","volume":"3","author":"RJ WALLACE","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wallace RJ, McKain N, Broderick GA, et al. Peptidases of the rumen bacterium, Prevotella ruminicola. Anaerobe. 1997;3(1):35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/anae.1996.0065.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"3","key":"5264_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.38.3.422-430.1979","volume":"38","author":"FM MACKIE R I, GILCHRIST","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mackie RI, Gilchrist FM. Changes in lactate-producing and lactate-utilizing bacteria in relation to pH in the rumen of sheep during stepwise adaptation to a high-concentrate diet. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979;38(3):422\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.38.3.422-430.1979.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5264_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1591-0","volume":"14","author":"N MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma N, Abaker JA, Bilal MS, et al. Sodium butyrate improves antioxidant stability in sub-acute ruminal acidosis in dairy goats. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1591-0.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5264_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8388","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18189","volume":"103","author":"X SUN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun X, Jiang S, Jiang C, et al. Sodium butyrate reduces bovine mammary epithelial cell inflammatory responses induced by exogenous lipopolysaccharide, by inactivating NF-\u03baB signaling. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103(9):8388\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2020-18189.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05264-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05264-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05264-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T01:16:22Z","timestamp":1788484582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05264-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05264-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The animal experiments in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qinghai University (approval number: QHU20240917). All procedures were performed in strict accordance with the Regulation on the Administration of Laboratory Animals (revised in 2017) and related national guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all animal owners for the participation of their animals in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"784"}}