{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T23:09:12Z","timestamp":1788736152562,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05283-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:46:06Z","timestamp":1782218766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Induced of Giardia lamblia Infection on metabolic and hepatic alterations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"R. N.","family":"Hamoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"Suaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"5283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13635-7","volume":"15","author":"E Demichele","year":"2025","unstructured":"Demichele E, Sosnowski O, Flood D, Allain T, Buret AG. Giardia lamblia duodenalis stabilizes HIF-1\u03b1 and induces glycolytic alterations in intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 2025;15:28852.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"5283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.23851\/mjs.v29i3.620","volume":"29","author":"HA Majeed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majeed HA. Study the relationship between Giardia lambliasis incidence and selected epidemiological factors in Baghdad City. Al-Mustansiriyah J Sci. 2019;29(3):35\u201344.","journal-title":"Al-Mustansiriyah J Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5283_CR3","first-page":"28","volume":"3","author":"AAK Al-Daoody","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Daoody AAK, Ismail SM, Ezadin ZY, Kakl D. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia lamblia among residents of Hawler, Soran, and Chamchamal cities, northern Iraq. Pak-Euro J Med Life Sci. 2020;3(2):28\u201336.","journal-title":"Pak-Euro J Med Life Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"5283_CR4","first-page":"1802","volume":"59","author":"I Ismail","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ismail I, Hakeem K, Ali A. Antioxidation potential of date palm fruits and their role in oxidative stress\u2013related diseases. J Food Sci Technol. 2022;59(7):1802\u201311.","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"5283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00401","volume":"9","author":"S Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Eckmann L, Singer SM. Interleukin (IL)-21 in inflammation and immunity during parasitic diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00401.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00401","volume":"9","author":"S Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Eckmann L, Singer SM. Interleukin-21 in inflammation and immunity during parasitic diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;9:401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00401.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817468","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.817468","volume":"13","author":"S Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Mucosal defense against Giardia lamblia at the intestinal epithelial cell interface. Front Immunol. 2022;13:817468.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5283_CR8","unstructured":"Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Pathogenesis of Giardia infection and extraintestinal complications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2022."},{"key":"5283_CR9","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic. Giardia lamblia infection: Symptoms and causes. Rochester (MN): Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org. Cited 2025 Jan 10."},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"5283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.12.004","volume":"38","author":"LCH Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu LCH, Huang CY, Kuo WT, Sayer H, Turner JR, Buret AG. SGLT-1\u2013mediated glucose uptake protects human intestinal epithelial cells against Giardia lamblia duodenalis-induced apoptosis. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38(8\u20139):923\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"16","key":"5283_CR11","first-page":"8627","volume":"25","author":"S Klimczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klimczak S, Packi K, Rudek A, Wenclewska S, Kurowski M, Kurczabinska D, et al. The influence of Giardia lamblia lamblia on host glucose and lipid metabolism. Metabolites. 2024;25(16):8627.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"16","key":"5283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo25168627","volume":"25","author":"S Klimczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klimczak S, Packi K, Rudek A, Wenclewska S, Kurowski M, Kurczabinska D, et al. The influence of Giardia lamblia lamblia on host glucose and lipid metabolism. Metabolites. 2024;25(16):8627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo25168627.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"4","key":"5283_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.04.016","volume":"131","author":"RM Amorim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amorim RM, Oliveira DR, Freitas SE, Viana MP, Borges EL. Effect of Giardia lambliasis combined with low-protein diet on intestinal absorption of glucose and electrolytes in gerbils. Exp Parasitol. 2012;131(4):448\u201351.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5283_CR14","first-page":"e12987","volume":"46","author":"A Slevaney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Slevaney A, Carter J, Morrison L. Oxidative stress and immune responses during intestinal protozoan infections. Parasite Immunol. 2024;46(3):e12987.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20250346","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202520250346","volume":"97","author":"MRS Ribeiro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ribeiro MRS, Carvalho CF, Gomes MA, Cassali GD, Oliveira DR. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) intake modulates oxidative stress and restores gut morphology in Giardia lamblia-infected gerbils. An Acad Bras Ci\u00eanc. 2025;97(4):e20250346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765202520250346.","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Ci\u00eanc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1960.9.444","volume":"9","author":"LS Ritchie","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ritchie LS, Lin S, Moon AP, Frick LP, Williams JE, Asakura S, et al. The possible effects of pH and specific gravity on the ether-sedimentation procedure in concentrating eggs and cysts. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1960;9(5):444\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"5283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.4.495","volume":"145","author":"JC Craft","year":"1982","unstructured":"Craft JC. Experimental infection with Giardia lamblia lamblia in rats. J Infect Dis. 1982;145(4):495\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/145.4.495.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.157997","volume":"7","author":"S Parasuraman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parasuraman S, Balamurugan S, Christapher PV, Petchi RR, Yeng WY, Sujithra J, et al. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Lamiaceae) and prediction of biological activity of its phytoconstituents. Pharmacogn Res. 2015;7(2):156\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-8490.157997.","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pdb.prot100271","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot100271","volume":"2017","author":"EA Greenfield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greenfield EA. Sampling and preparation of mouse and rat serum. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2017;2017(11):pdb.prot100271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/pdb.prot100271.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"5283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Er L., Wu S, Chou HH, Hsu LA, Teng MS, Sun YC, and Ko YL. Triglyceride glucose-body mass index is a simple and clinically useful surrogate marker for insulin resistance in nondiabetic individuals. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0149731. Available from: \u00a0[Accessed: 2th May 2025] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0149731. Accessed: 2th May 2025.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149731"},{"issue":"3","key":"5283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14155","volume":"23","author":"HV Minh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minh HV, Tien HA, Sinh CT, Thang DC, Chen CH, Tay JC, et al. Assessment of preferred methods to measure insulin resistance in Asian patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(3):529\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.14155.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.146874","volume":"19","author":"M Gutch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gutch M, Kumar S, Razi SM, Gupta KK, Gupta A. Assessment of insulin sensitivity\/resistance. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(1):160\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.146874.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"5283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.20693","volume":"19","author":"FF Gil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gil FF, Moreira de Mendes G, Aquino Teixeira MC, Oliveira DR, Cruz RE, Santos JFG, et al. Giardia lamblia lamblia infection induces changes in the biochemical profile of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). J Infect Dev Ctries. 2025;19(6):962\u201370.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"6","key":"5283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00023","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00948-16","volume":"85","author":"NR Barash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barash NR, Maloney JG, Singer SM, Dawson SC. Giardia lamblia alters commensal microbial diversity throughout the murine gut. Infect Immun. 2017;85(6):e00023-e117.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"5283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02298-3","volume":"16","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu J, He C, Bu J, Luo Y, Yang S, Ye C, et al. Betaine attenuates LPS-induced downregulation of occludin and claudin-1 and restores intestinal barrier function. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02298-3.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"5283_CR26","unstructured":"Klimczak K, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic consequences during Giardia infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024."},{"key":"5283_CR27","unstructured":"Buret AG, Motta JP. Giardia duodenalis: new insights into pathogenesis and host\u2013pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021."}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05283-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05283-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05283-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T23:07:27Z","timestamp":1788736047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05283-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05283-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"786"}}