{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:54:32Z","timestamp":1793746472409,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05319-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:15:45Z","timestamp":1782562545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study on the correlation between respiratory microbiome alterations and disease location\/severity in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Guangqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiquan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5319_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.33","volume":"1","author":"X Yi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi X, Gao J, Wang Z. The human lung microbiome-A hidden link between microbes and human health and diseases. iMeta. 2022;1:e33.","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"5319_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01168","volume":"9","author":"E Mathieu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathieu E, Escribano-Vazquez U, Descamps D, Cherbuy C, Langella P, Riffault S, et al. Paradigms of Lung Microbiota Functions in Health and Disease, Particularly, in Asthma. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1168.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"5319_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paquette M, Magyar M, Renaud C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal\u2009=\u2009journal de l\u2019Association medicale canadienne 2024;196:E1120.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.240085"},{"key":"5319_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00783-x","volume":"20","author":"C Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan C, Xue GH, Zhao HQ, Feng YL, Cui JH, Yuan J. Current status of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in China. World J pediatrics: WJP. 2024;20:1\u20134.","journal-title":"World J pediatrics: WJP"},{"key":"5319_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3346-8","volume":"18","author":"Y Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding Y, Chu C, Li Y, Li G, Lei X, Zhou W, et al. High expression of HMGB1 in children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:439.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5319_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00037","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00037-15","volume":"6","author":"CM Bassis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bassis CM, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP, Freeman CM, Schmidt TM, Young VB, et al. Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals. mBio. 2015;6:e00037.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"5319_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202272","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2202272","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yu X, Liu F, Tian X, Quan S, Jiao A, et al. Respiratory microbiota imbalance in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Emerg microbes infections. 2023;12:2202272.","journal-title":"Emerg microbes infections"},{"key":"5319_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30510-1","volume":"7","author":"KF Budden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Budden KF, Shukla SD, Rehman SF, Bowerman KL, Keely S, Hugenholtz P, et al. Functional effects of the microbiota in chronic respiratory disease. Lancet Respiratory Med. 2019;7:907\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet Respiratory Med"},{"key":"5319_CR9","first-page":"92","volume":"7","author":"W Dai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dai W, Wang H, Zhou Q, Feng X, Lu Z, Li D, et al. The concordance between upper and lower respiratory microbiota in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Emerg microbes infections. 2018;7:92.","journal-title":"Emerg microbes infections"},{"key":"5319_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Z, Dai W, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang H, Li D et al. The Alteration of Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Microbiota in Children with MPP and Non-MPP. Genes (Basel). 2017;8(12):380.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes8120380.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8120380"},{"key":"5319_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.07.003","volume":"39","author":"BG Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu BG, Segal LN. The Lung Microbiome and Its Role in Pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 2018;39:677\u201389.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"5319_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.14","volume":"15","author":"WH Man","year":"2017","unstructured":"Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15:259\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5319_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"King A. Exploring the lung microbiome\u2019s role in disease. Nature. 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-024-01123-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01123-3"},{"key":"5319_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2017.0096","volume":"24","author":"A Kechin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kechin A, Boyarskikh U, Kel A, Filipenko M. cutPrimers: A New Tool for Accurate Cutting of Primers from Reads of Targeted Next Generation Sequencing. J Comput biology: J Comput Mol cell biology. 2017;24:1138\u201343.","journal-title":"J Comput biology: J Comput Mol cell biology"},{"key":"5319_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13:581\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"5319_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059\u201366.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"5319_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077","volume":"26","author":"MN Price","year":"2009","unstructured":"Price MN, Dehal PS, Arkin AP. FastTree: computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix. Mol Biol Evol. 2009;26:1641\u201350.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"5319_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","volume":"6","author":"NA Bokulich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bokulich NA, Kaehler BD, Rideout JR, Dillon M, Bolyen E, Knight R, et al. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome. 2018;6:90.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"5319_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201501-029OC","volume":"12","author":"RP Dickson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Freeman CM, McCloskey L, Beck JM, Huffnagle GB, et al. Spatial Variation in the Healthy Human Lung Microbiome and the Adapted Island Model of Lung Biogeography. Annals Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:821\u201330.","journal-title":"Annals Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"5319_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2004.01.001","volume":"15","author":"J Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Cytokines in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004;15:157\u201368.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"5319_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438777","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1438777","volume":"14","author":"Z Xi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xi Z, Chen J, Wang L, Lu A. Characteristics of lower respiratory microbiota in children\u2019s refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia pre- and post-COVID-19 era. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1438777.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5319_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.697-728.2004","volume":"17","author":"KB Waites","year":"2004","unstructured":"Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:697\u2013728. table of contents.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5319_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whiteside SA, McGinniss JE, Collman RG. The lung microbiome: progress and promise. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(15):e150473.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI150473.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150473"},{"key":"5319_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801944","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944","volume":"12","author":"T Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng T, Wang J. Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review. Gut Microbes. 2020;12:1801944.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"5319_CR25","first-page":"e115","volume":"12","author":"A Shah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shah A, Panjabi C, Nair V, Chaudhry R, Thukral SS. Veillonella as a cause of chronic anaerobic pneumonitis. Int J Infect diseases: IJID : official publication Int Soc Infect Dis. 2008;12:e115\u2013117.","journal-title":"Int J Infect diseases: IJID : official publication Int Soc Infect Dis"},{"key":"5319_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491506","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1491506","volume":"15","author":"X Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei X, Wang W, Cheng H, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Yuan X. Distinct lower respiratory tract microbiota profiles linked to airway mucus hypersecretion in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1491506.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5319_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105902","volume":"170","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu X, Wu L, Sheng Y, Liu J, Xu Z, Kong W, et al. Airway microbiota in children with bronchial mucus plugs caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Respir Med. 2020;170:105902.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"5319_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487393","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1487393","volume":"15","author":"Y Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi Y, Yang J, Tian T, Li S, Xie Y. Exploring the potential role of microbiota and metabolites in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1487393.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5319_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richardson H, Dicker AJ, Barclay H, Chalmers JD. The microbiome in bronchiectasis. European respiratory review: an official journal of the European Respiratory Society. 2019;153(28)190048.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0048-2019.","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0048-2019"},{"key":"5319_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1329274","volume":"44","author":"KB Sriram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sriram KB, Cox AJ, Clancy RL, Slack MPE, Cripps AW. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review for clinicians. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2018;44:125\u201342.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5319_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Principi N, Esposito S. Biomarkers in Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(2):447.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18020447.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020447"},{"key":"5319_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen P, Huang Z, Chen L, Zhuang S, Lin H, Xie J et al. The relationships between LncRNA NNT-AS1, CRP, PCT and their interactions and the refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Scientific reports 2021;11:2059.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81853-w"},{"key":"5319_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0576-5","volume":"8","author":"F Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao F, Li J, Liu J, Guan X, Gong J, Liu L, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates across different regions of China. Antimicrob Resist Infect control. 2019;8:143.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect control"},{"key":"5319_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03261","volume":"9","author":"Z Ling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ling Z, Liu X, Guo S, Cheng Y, Shao L, Guan D, et al. Role of Probiotics in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children: A Short-Term Pilot Project. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:3261.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5319_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79630-2","volume":"11","author":"CH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee CH, Choi Y, Seo SY, Kim SH, Kim IH, Kim SW, et al. Addition of probiotics to antibiotics improves the clinical course of pneumonia in young people without comorbidities: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2021;11:926.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5319_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908010","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.908010","volume":"13","author":"T Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du T, Lei A, Zhang N, Zhu C. The Beneficial Role of Probiotic Lactobacillus in Respiratory Diseases. Front Immunol. 2022;13:908010.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5319_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02424-2","volume":"29","author":"L Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin L, Yi X, Liu H, Meng R, Li S, Liu X, et al. The airway microbiome mediates the interaction between environmental exposure and respiratory health in humans. Nat Med. 2023;29:1750\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05319-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05319-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05319-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:50:17Z","timestamp":1789696217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05319-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05319-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All information in this study comes from the medical records of each patient, and all participants or their legal guardians voluntarily provided informed consent after fully understanding the research content. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital (NO. KY2025129). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"821"}}