{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:51:55Z","timestamp":1791255115436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05327-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1783766152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M) and AmpC \u03b2-lactamases -encoding genes among second- and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Sana\u2019a, Yemen"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Abdulilah Mohammed Mohammed","family":"Alsharafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Y.","family":"Al-Jaufy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh S.","family":"Bahaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aref","family":"Al-Afif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed Y.","family":"Alkassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuad A. B.","family":"A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameera M.","family":"Al-Hatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5327_CR1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva: WHO; 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"5327_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0","volume":"8","author":"JD Pitout","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pitout JD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(3):159\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","volume":"22","author":"GA Jacoby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacoby GA. AmpC \u03b2-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):161\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5327_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","volume":"18","author":"DL Paterson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(4):657\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"5327_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09","volume":"54","author":"K Bush","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated functional classification of \u03b2-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(3):969\u201376.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5327_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00110","volume":"3","author":"R Cant\u00f3n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Alba JM, Gal\u00e1n JC. CTX-M enzymes: origin and diffusion. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:110.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5327_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx146","volume":"72","author":"ER Bevan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bevan ER, Jones AM, Hawkey PM. Global epidemiology of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamases: temporal and geographical shifts in genotype. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(8):2145\u201355.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.1-11.2002","volume":"46","author":"A Philippon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Philippon A, Arlet G, Jacoby GA. Plasmid-determined AmpC-type \u03b2-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"5327_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00219-10","volume":"48","author":"KS Thomson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomson KS. Extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase, AmpC, and carbapenemase issues. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(4):1019\u201325.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5327_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2153-2162.2002","volume":"40","author":"FJ P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2002","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez FJ, Hanson ND. Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC \u03b2-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(6):2153\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.20.1.17","volume":"20","author":"SA Al-Arosi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Al-Arosi SA, Bahaj SS, Al-Jawfi AY. Identification of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli carrying genes coding aminoglycosides modifying enzymes isolated from urinary tract infection patients in Sana\u2019a City, Yemen. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2026;20(1):303\u201311.","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5327_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.671","volume":"6","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o J, Pascual A. Clinical significance of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008;6(5):671\u201383.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"5327_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01850.x","volume":"14","author":"R Cant\u00f3n","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n R, Novais A, Valverde A, Machado E, Peixe L, Baquero F, et al. Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:144\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5327_CR14","volume-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology","year":"2011","unstructured":"Versalovic J, editor. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 10th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2011.","edition":"10"},{"key":"5327_CR15","volume-title":"Biochemical tests for the identification of medical bacteria","author":"JF MacFaddin","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacFaddin JF. Biochemical tests for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000.","edition":"3"},{"key":"5327_CR16","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2023."},{"key":"5327_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adel H, Elewa A, Mashaly M. Effect of the different plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genotypes on the phenotypic detection of ESBL in Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Clin Lab. 2022;68(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2022.220148.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2022.220148"},{"issue":"4","key":"5327_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.21746\/ijbio.2017.04.004","volume":"6","author":"OB Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed OB, Dablool AS. Quality improvement of the DNA extracted by the boiling method in gram negative bacteria. Int J Bioassays. 2017;6(4):5347\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Bioassays"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.18502\/sjms.v16i1.8933","volume":"16","author":"HN Altayb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Altayb HN, Siddig MA, El Amin NM, Mukhtar MM. Prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes among extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases-producing clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in different regions of Sudan. Sudan J Med Sci. 2021;16(1):5\u201316.","journal-title":"Sudan J Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5327_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"MS Alwash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alwash MS, Hussein FA. An evaluation of extended-spectrum and CMY-2-type AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital in Babylon Province, Iraq. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2025;18(8):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05696-y","volume":"21","author":"CE Estaleva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estaleva CE, Zimba TF, Sekyere JO, Govinden U, Chenia HY, Simonsen GS, et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL- and plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli at Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):16.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5327_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlaf091","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf091","volume":"7","author":"JE Totte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Totte JE, Quiblier C, Nolte O, Hinic V, Wunderink HF, Egli A, et al. Phenotypic susceptibility profiles of AmpC- and\/or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-(co)producing Escherichia coli strains. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2025;7(3):dlaf091.","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"5327_CR23","first-page":"488","volume":"9","author":"TA Banjo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Banjo TA, Onakalu OJ, Deji-Agboola AM, Osinupebi OA, Akindele R, Lawal IA, et al. Molecular detection of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic stools in Abuja. Nigeria. 2025;9(2):488\u201394.","journal-title":"Nigeria"},{"key":"5327_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710747","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710747","volume":"12","author":"S Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee S, An JU, Guk JH, Song H, Yi S, Kim WH, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and clonal distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase- and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:710747.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5327_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00091-11","volume":"49","author":"S Peter-Getzlaff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peter-Getzlaff S, Polsfuss S, Poledica M, Hombach M, Giger J, B\u00f6ttger EC, et al. Detection of AmpC beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli: comparison of three phenotypic confirmation assays and genetic analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(8):2924\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5327_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2022.68.10.13","volume":"68","author":"SA Mukheef","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mukheef SA, Eleroui M, Al-Dahmosh HO, Amara IB. Prevalence of some group A beta-lactamase genes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from women with cystitis. Cell Mol Biol. 2022;68(10):84\u20139.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02860-7","volume":"23","author":"S Afsharikhah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afsharikhah S, Ghanbarpour R, Mohseni P, Adib N, Bagheri M, Jajarmi M. High prevalence of \u03b2-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance in various phylotypes of Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in Jiroft city, Iran. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23(1):114.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5327_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp256","volume":"64","author":"PM Hawkey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawkey PM, Jones AM. The changing epidemiology of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(Suppl 1):i3\u201310.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"5327_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","volume":"303","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carattoli A. Plasmids and the spread of resistance. Int J Med Microbiol. 2013;303(6\u20137):298\u2013304.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5327_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2683-z","volume":"35","author":"B Ghosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghosh B, Mukherjee M. Emergence of co-production of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase and ESBL in cefoxitin-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(9):1449\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5327_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMR_153_2024","volume":"161","author":"D Das","year":"2025","unstructured":"Das D, Vohra P, Mane P, Shaozae CK. Extended spectrum, AmpC and metallo \u03b2-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in urinary isolates: a prospective study in north India. Indian J Med Res. 2025;161(2):167.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3743202","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/3743202","volume":"2025","author":"F Azizah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Azizah F, Artanti D, Sari YE, Arimurti AR, Iswara A, Khairunnisa A, et al. A cross-sectional study of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from clinical samples: single-center investigation in Indonesia. Int J Microbiol. 2025;2025(1):3743202.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5327_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3329\/jemc.v10i3.59360","volume":"10","author":"L Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman L, Asna SM, Aziz MA. Antibiogram of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among the patients attending a selected tertiary health care hospital. J Enam Med Coll. 2020;10(3):179\u201385.","journal-title":"J Enam Med Coll"},{"key":"5327_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khaleel NA, Abbas MS, Mohsen LY. Detection of ESBL\/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from urinary tract infections in Al-Hilla, Iraq. Microbes Infect Dis. 2025;27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/mid.2025.420583.3177.","DOI":"10.21608\/mid.2025.420583.3177"},{"issue":"6","key":"5327_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061016","volume":"12","author":"FA Owusu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Owusu FA, Obeng-Nkrumah N, Gyniae E, Kodom S, Tagoe R, Tabi BK, et al. Occurrence of carbapenemases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and AmpCs among beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria from clinical sources in Accra, Ghana. Antibiotics. 2023;12(6):1016.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"8","key":"5327_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080852","volume":"11","author":"MA Nossair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nossair MA, Abd El Baqy FA, Rizk MS, Elaadli H, Mansour AM, El-Aziz AH, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among humans, cattle, and poultry. Pathogens. 2022;11(8):852.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5327_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604544","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.604544","volume":"11","author":"LE Gazal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gazal LE, Medeiros LP, Dibo M, Nishio EK, Koga VL, Gon\u00e7alves BC, et al. Detection of ESBL\/AmpC-producing and fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli from different sources in poultry production in Southern Brazil. Front Microbiol. 2021;11:604544.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5327_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010029","volume":"12","author":"MM Idrees","year":"2022","unstructured":"Idrees MM, Rimsha R, Idrees MD, Saeed A. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in gram-negative rods isolated from clinical specimens in Pakistan. Antibiotics. 2022;12(1):29.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05327-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05327-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05327-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1791252953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05327-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05327-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9474697\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana\u2019a University (approval number (26) 13\u2009\u2212\u20092) and by the National Center of Public Health Laboratories (NCPHL) and the participating hospitals in Sana\u2019a, Yemen. All procedures performed in this study involving humans\/human data\/the use of human samples were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana\u2019a University because the study used only de-identified bacterial isolates collected as part of routine clinical care, with no access to patient identifiers.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"865"}}