{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:46:05Z","timestamp":1793043965412,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China","award":["ZR2021MH241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH241"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebral infarction (CI) is a major cause of adult disability and mortality worldwide. Mounting evidence supports the critical role of the gut\u2013brain axis in cerebrovascular disease progression. This study aimed to characterize the alterations in gut microbiota, serum metabolome, and serum proteome in patients with CI, and to identify multi-omics signatures associated with clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 20 CI patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Fecal microbiota was profiled using 16\u00a0S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Serum metabolomics and proteomics were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MS\/MS) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics, respectively. Spearman correlation and multi-omics integration were applied to explore the associations among microbiota, metabolites, proteins, and clinical indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CI patients displayed significant gut microbiota dysbiosis, with a markedly lower gut microbiota health index (GMHI) and higher microbiota disorder index (MDI) compared with HC (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The genera\n                      <jats:italic>g_norank_o_RF39<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Oxalobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly enriched in CI patients, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Agathobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      were enriched in HC. Metabolomic analysis identified 445 differential metabolites, mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and caffeine metabolism. Proteomic analysis revealed 140 differentially expressed proteins linked to inflammatory responses, calcium signaling, and NF-\u03baB signaling. Multi-omics integration showed that signature gut microbiota was strongly correlated (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.005) with key serum metabolites and proteins implicated in CI pathogenesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This integrated multi-omics study revealed distinct gut microbiota, serum metabolomic, and proteomic alterations in CI patients. The microbiota\u2013metabolite\u2013protein regulatory axes provide novel insights into the gut\u2013brain axis in CI and may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05351-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T10:44:52Z","timestamp":1782557092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated analysis of gut microbiota, serum metabolomics, and proteomics reveals novel associations with clinical symptoms in patients with cerebral infarction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiye","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingbang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"5351_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","volume":"20","author":"GBDS Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDS. 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