{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T22:56:35Z","timestamp":1790549795340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) poses a growing threat in Iranian healthcare settings, and biofilm formation exacerbates treatment challenges. This study assessed the antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnONPs against 58 clinical MRSA isolates collected from hospitals in Iran.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Isolates were identified via microbial and biochemical tests and confirmed by PCR targeting\n                      <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      (279\u00a0bp) and\n                      <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      A (310\u00a0bp) genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using CLSI disk diffusion guidelines. The ZnONPs were synthesized by chemical precipitation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ZnONPs were determined by broth microdilution, and biofilm formation\/inhibition was quantified using crystal violet staining.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 131\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, 58 (44.3%) were MRSA, exhibiting high resistance to Penicillin (100%), Erythromycin (91.4%), and Ciprofloxacin (74.1%), but full susceptibility to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. ZnONPs displayed potent activity, with MICs ranging from 8 to 1024\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL (MIC\u2085\u2080 = 64\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL; MIC\u2089\u2080 = 512\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL); 27.6% of isolates were inhibited at \u2264\u200916\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. Among MRSA, 15.5% were strong biofilm producers, and sub-MIC (\u00bd MIC) concentrations of ZnONPs reduced biofilm by 82.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>P \u2009&lt;\u20090.001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Dynamic light scattering confirmed nanoparticle stability (size: 29.4\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u00a0nm; PDI: 0.19).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight ZnONPs as a promising, low-cost alternative for managing MRSA infections, particularly in biofilm-associated cases, warranting further clinical exploration in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05382-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T03:37:29Z","timestamp":1783309049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effect on biofilm of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9837-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aytan Marandi","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva","family":"Ahmadishoar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sedigheh Fekri","family":"Aval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101212","volume":"24","author":"S Ahmadishoar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmadishoar S, Pour NK, Sadeghi J, Nahaei MR, Kheirkhah B. Molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by multilocus sequence typing in northwestern (Tabriz) and southern (Kerman) of Iran: The emergence of MRSA ST4848-SCCmec III. Gene Rep. 2021;24:101212.","journal-title":"Gene Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"5382_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"SAF Fazli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fazli SAF, Fatahi-Bafghii M, Vakili M, Sadeh M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Central Region of Iran: antibiotic resistance and SCCmecA types. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2024;17(12):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5382_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10659-2","volume":"25","author":"S Hushyar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hushyar S, Doghaheh HP, Arzanlou M. Evaluation of aminoglycoside-and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: phenotypic and genotypic insights from clinical specimens in Ardabil, Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):285.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5382_CR4","first-page":"955","volume":"79","author":"P Karimian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karimian P, Mojtahedi A, Anvari M, Mesbahi G, Ghalandari M. The first report of t8463 and t605 spa types in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICUs in Rasht, Iran. Arch Razi Inst. 2024;79(5):955.","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"5382_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010076","volume":"13","author":"A Kaushik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaushik A, Kest H, Sood M, Steussy BW, Thieman C, Gupta S. Biofilm producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in humans: clinical implications and management. Pathogens. 2024;13(1):76.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"12","key":"5382_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121132","volume":"13","author":"A Kaushik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaushik A, Kest H, Sood M, Thieman C, Steussy BW, Padomek M, Gupta S. Infective endocarditis by biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus\u2014pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Antibiotics. 2024;13(12):1132.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"5382_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad F, Hussein NN, Sulaiman GM. Potentials of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4): as antioxidant and alternative therapeutic agent against common multidrug-resistant microbial species. Iraqi J Sci. 2023:2759\u201373.","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2023.64.6.10"},{"key":"5382_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106580","volume":"105","author":"MS Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed MS, Hussein NN, Sulaiman GM, Khan RA, Mohammed HA. Piperacillin-loaded amine functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a new frontier in combating multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria through value-added piperacillin antibiotic. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2025;105:106580.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"5382_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.113567","volume":"171","author":"FA Hussein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussein FA, Hussien NN, Jabir MS, Ghotekar S, Swelum AA. Biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles for control of multidrug resistant bacteria, and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation: in-vitro-and in-vivo study. Inorg Chem Commun. 2025;171:113567.","journal-title":"Inorg Chem Commun"},{"key":"5382_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fareid MA, El-Sherbiny GM, Sharaf MH, Radwan AA, Hegazy AM, Ab Aziz R, Hamada FA. Biogenically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Penicillium chrysogenum filter to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Cancer Cells. Prog Biomater. 2025;14(4):Article 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57647\/pibm-2025-17326.","DOI":"10.57647\/pibm-2025-17326"},{"issue":"13","key":"5382_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15131030","volume":"15","author":"J Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang J, Xiong D, Long M. Zinc oxide nanoparticles as next-generation feed additives: Bridging antimicrobial efficacy, growth promotion, and sustainable strategies in animal nutrition. Nanomaterials. 2025;15(13):1030.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"4","key":"5382_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"047002","DOI":"10.1149\/2162-8777\/ad397f","volume":"13","author":"A Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma A, Akash K, Kumari S, Chauhan K, James A, Goel R, et al. Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles: an insight into the advancements in antimicrobial resistance. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol. 2024;13(4):047002.","journal-title":"ECS J Solid State Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5382_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03429-8","volume":"24","author":"A Omar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omar A, El-Banna TE, Sonbol FI, El-Bouseary MM. Potential antivirulence and antibiofilm activities of sub-MIC of oxacillin against MDR S. aureus isolates: an in-vitro and in-vivo study. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24(1):295.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"5382_CR14","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 34th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"5382_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47748\/tjvr.993547","volume":"6","author":"A Aksakal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aksakal A, \u00d6nalan \u015e, Okalin \u015e\u015e. Invastigation of 16S rRNA, mecA and nuc genes in coagulase-positive and negative Staphylococci by Real-Time PCR. Turkish J Veterinary Res. 2022;6(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Turkish J Veterinary Res"},{"key":"5382_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110712","volume":"201","author":"J-E Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee J-E, Kim S-A, Mun H, Ha K-S, Shim W-B. Development of a multiplex one-tube loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapidly simultaneous detection of the mecA and nuc genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microchem J. 2024;201:110712.","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"5382_CR17","unstructured":"Delis A. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: design, development and stability studies [master's thesis]. Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; 2024."},{"issue":"8","key":"5382_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00880C","volume":"4","author":"S Raha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raha S, Ahmaruzzaman M. ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;4(8):1868\u2013925.","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"5382_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06684-9","volume":"30","author":"MM Darwish","year":"2026","unstructured":"Darwish MM, Omar NN, Farouk R, Ibrahim K, Attia R, El-Moussely LM. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and biofilm formation among dental patients and dental health care workers: cross sectional study. Clin Oral Invest. 2026;30(1):36.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"5382_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-024-01158-z","volume":"69","author":"S Nechikkadan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nechikkadan S, Theresa M, Krishnankutty RE. ZnO nanoparticles induced biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Folia Microbiol. 2024;69(6):1175\u201383.","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5382_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04831","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04831-22","volume":"11","author":"R Bianchini Fulindi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bianchini Fulindi R, Domingues Rodrigues J, Lemos Barbosa TW, Goncalves Garcia AD, De Almeida La Porta F, Pratavieira S, et al. Zinc-based nanoparticles reduce bacterial biofilm formation. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(2):e04831\u201322.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"10","key":"5382_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.107025","volume":"15","author":"Z-Y Xi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xi Z-Y, Fan C-Y, Jiang Y-Y, Xi X-R, Nie G-Y, Zhu S, et al. Nanocatalytic system releases overloaded zinc ions and ROS to induce Znproptosis and interrupt cell cycle through inhibiting Akt\/mTOR pathway. Theranostics. 2025;15(10):4734.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"5382_CR23","first-page":"e210146","volume":"1","author":"H Hosseinzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh H. Antibacterial\/magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: a comprehensive review of synthesis methods, doping effects, antibacterial properties, and applications in medical and food industries. J Appl Mater Sci. 2025;1(3):e210146.","journal-title":"J Appl Mater Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"5382_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16832","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c01554","volume":"9","author":"M Hayat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hayat M, Rehman A, Khan FA, Anees M, Naz I, Qasim M, Kanwal N. Phytogenic-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles using the seed extract of Citrullus lanatus and its integrated potency against multidrug resistant bacteria. ACS omega. 2024;9(14):16832\u201341.","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"5382_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00639-2","volume":"22","author":"H Valadbeigi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valadbeigi H, Sadeghifard N, Kaviar VH, Haddadi MH, Ghafourian S, Maleki A. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on biofilm formation and gene expression of the toxin-antitoxin system in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2023;22(1):89.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"11","key":"5382_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.389574","volume":"13","author":"M Asif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asif M, Chaudhry AS, Ashar A, Rashid HB, Saleem MH, Aslam HB, Aziz A. Zinc oxide nanoparticles accelerate the healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wounds in rabbits. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2023;13(11):488\u201396.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05382-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05382-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05382-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T22:34:32Z","timestamp":1790548472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05382-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05382-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Ethical Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, evaluated and approved the project protocol (Ethical code: IR.IAU.TABRIZ.REC.1403.363). Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study before specimen collection. Participants were informed of the study objectives, procedures, and their right to withdraw participation at any time.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not contain any person\u2019s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"839"}}