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A further key diagnostic trait is morphogenesis, in which the proter and opisthe share primary frontal-ventral-transverse (FVT) primordia that later split into secondary primordia. Despite their apparent diversity in soils, comparatively few gonostomatid species have been described, and most lack complete morphogenetic and\/or molecular documentation. This insufficient documentation obscures relationships and contributes to taxonomic instability, highlighting the need for integrative taxonomy combining morphology, detailed morphogenesis, and multigene phylogenetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From Korean soils we discovered two novel hypotrichs with a gonostomatid oral apparatus. The first is a new gonostomatid species with five FVT cirral rows and one or two transverse cirri. Its morphogenesis is distinctive within Gonostomatidae: the rightmost cirral row arises predominantly from anlage V with a short posterior contribution from anlage IV (i.e., pseudorow). Phylogenetic analyses show marker-dependent placements: the new species clusters with\n                      <jats:italic>Metagonostomum gonostomoidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the 18S rDNA tree but with\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonostomoides xianicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in ITS1\u20135.8S\u2013ITS2, 28S rDNA, and multi-gene datasets, indicating that the 18S rDNA marker lacks sufficient phylogenetic signal unlike the other markers; integrative evidence supports establishment of\n                      <jats:italic>Metagonostomoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      gen. nov. The second species,\n                      <jats:italic>Wallackia koreana<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. nov., has a buccal cirral row reduced to two buccal cirri and an adoral zone occupying\u2009~\u200962% of body length; it clusters with\n                      <jats:italic>W. bujoreani<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Cladotricha australis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and the three group with Chaetospiridae in ITS1\u20135.8S rDNA\u2013ITS2 and multi-gene datasets. A comparative review further shows that\n                      <jats:italic>Wallackia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Neowallackia<\/jats:italic>\n                      deviate from core gonostomatids by lacking shared primary primordia (proter and opisthe anlagen form independently), supporting Wallackiidae fam. nov. Re-evaluation of the \u201cgonostomatid-type\u201d oral apparatus across hypotrichs restricts it to Gonostomatidae, Chaetospiridae, and Wallackiidae fam. nov.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We document two new soil hypotrich species from Korea, one representing a new gonostomatid genus (\n                      <jats:italic>Metagonostomoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      gen. nov.) and the other a new\n                      <jats:italic>Wallackia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (\n                      <jats:italic>W. koreana<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. nov.), and show that their integrative placement helps resolve relationships among hypotrichs with a gonostomatid oral apparatus. The combined morphological, morphogenetic, and multigene phylogenetic evidence supports recognition of Wallackiidae fam. nov. and restricts the gonostomatid-type oral apparatus to Gonostomatidae, Chaetospiridae, and Wallackiidae fam. nov.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05385-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:05:48Z","timestamp":1783739148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revealing hidden diversity in gonostomatid ciliates (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia): integrative evidence supports two new species, a new genus, and Wallackiidae fam. nov."],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Atef","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5497-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2021.125794","volume":"79","author":"A Omar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omar A, Moon JH, Jung JH. 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