{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:05:54Z","timestamp":1789376754187,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the earmarked fund for CARS","award":["No. CARS-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. CARS-33"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project","award":["No. 262300421477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 262300421477"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05568-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:42:05Z","timestamp":1789375325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary fiber source-dependent modulation of pregnant sow fecal microbiota, gas profiles, and short-chain fatty acids in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Weikang","family":"Huangfu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00375-4","volume":"18","author":"SK Gill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gill SK, Rossi M, Bajka B, Whelan K. Dietary fibre in gastrointestinal health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:101\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-020-00375-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13148-9","volume":"108","author":"W Huangfu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huangfu W, Cao S, Li S, Zhang S, Liu M, Liu B, et al. In vitro and in vivo fermentation models to study the function of dietary fiber in pig nutrition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;108:314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-024-13148-9.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"5568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0193-z","volume":"16","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh K, Berean KJ, Burgell RE, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Intestinal gases: influence on gut disorders and the role of dietary manipulations. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16:733\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0193-z.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.007","volume":"151","author":"JK Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan JK, Macia L, Mackay CR. Dietary fiber and SCFAs in the regulation of mucosal immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;151:361\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.007.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"5568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00591","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00591-20","volume":"6","author":"B Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu B, Zhu X, Cui Y, Wang W, Liu H, Li Z, et al. Consumption of dietary fiber from different sources during pregnancy alters sow gut microbiota and improves performance and reduces inflammation in sows and piglets. mSystems. 2021;6:e00591\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00591-20.","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"5568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13287","volume":"104","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu J, Xiong Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Wan H, Wu D, et al. Effects of purified fibre-mixture supplementation of gestation diet on gut microbiota, immunity and reproductive performance of sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2020;104:1144\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpn.13287.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"5568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01047","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01047-18","volume":"84","author":"C Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng C, Wei H, Xu C, Xie X, Jiang S, Peng J. Maternal soluble fiber diet during pregnancy changes the intestinal microbiota, improves growth performance, and reduces intestinal permeability in piglets. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018;84:e01047\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01047-18.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"5568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.12.008","volume":"7","author":"Q Shang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shang Q, Liu H, Wu D, Mahfuz S, Piao X. Source of fiber influences growth, immune responses, gut barrier function and microbiota in weaned piglets fed antibiotic-free diets. Anim Nutr. 2021;7:315\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.12.008.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"5568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.05.005","volume":"18","author":"L Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng L, Luo Z, Wang J, Wu K, Wang W, Liu Z, et al. Effects of different ratios of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber on growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. Anim Nutr. 2024;18:257\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.05.005.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"5568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111714","volume":"16","author":"W Huangfu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huangfu W, Ma J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Liu B, Zhao J, et al. Dietary fiber-derived butyrate alleviates piglet weaning stress by modulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Nutrients. 2024;16:1714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16111714.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28206","volume":"119","author":"V Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh V, Son H, Lee G, Lee S, Unno T, Shin J-H. Role, relevance, and possibilities of in vitro fermentation models in human dietary, and gut-microbial studies. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;119:3044\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28206.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"5568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15158","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01849","volume":"4","author":"S Tao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tao S, Bai Y, Zhou X, Zhao J, Yang H, Zhang S, et al. In vitro fermentation characteristics for different ratios of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber by fresh fecal microbiota from growing pigs. ACS Omega. 2019;4:15158\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.9b01849.","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"5568_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10470","volume":"100","author":"Y Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai Y, Zhao J-B, Tao S-Y, Zhou X-J, Pi Y, Gerrits WJ, et al. Effect of dietary fiber fermentation on short-chain fatty acid production and microbial composition in vitro. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100:4282\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.10470.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"5568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10698","volume":"101","author":"Y Pi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pi Y, Hu J, Bai Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Ye H, et al. Effects of dietary fibers with different physicochemical properties on fermentation kinetics and microbial composition by fecal inoculum from lactating sows in vitro. J Sci Food Agric. 2021;101:907\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.10698.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"5568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116413","volume":"242","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu W, Li X, Zhao Z, Pi X, Meng Y, Fei D, et al. Effect of chitooligosaccharides on human gut microbiota and antiglycation. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;242:116413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116413.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"5568_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104336","volume":"77","author":"W Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu W, Li Z, Yang K, Sun P, Cai M. Effect of nanoemulsion loading finger citron (citrus medica L. var. Sarcodactylis) essential oil on human gut microbiota. J Funct Foods. 2021;77:104336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104336.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"5568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.117944","volume":"225","author":"X Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan X, Qin Y, Gao Y, Wang P, Chang J, Wang L, et al. Evaluation of fermentation characteristics of different dietary fiber sources using a cecum in vitro fermentation model. LWT. 2025;225:117944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.117944.","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"5568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13355","volume":"104","author":"C Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo C, Duan J, Zhong R, Liu L, Gao Q, Liu X, et al. In vitro fermentation characteristics of different types of fiber-rich ingredients by pig fecal inoculum. J Sci Food Agric. 2024;104:5296\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.13355.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"5568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030548","volume":"14","author":"S Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang S, Yu R, Chen C, Wang Z, Zhu X, Cui Y, et al. Effects of alfalfa fiber meal on the In vitro fermentation characteristics and community structure of the colonic microbiota of sows. Microorganisms. 2026;14:548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14030548.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"5568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121100","volume":"317","author":"Z Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Z, Huang T, Guo A, Chen W, Bai W, Wei L, et al. Insights into the fermentation patterns of wheat bran cell wall polysaccharides using an in-vitro batch fermentation model. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;317:121100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121100.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"5568_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687766","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1687766","volume":"12","author":"Y Lai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lai Y, Wang Y, Liu C, Lou G, Feng J, Li Y. In vitro fermentation characteristics and prebiotic activity of herbal polysaccharides: a review. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1687766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1687766.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"5568_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.01.110","volume":"133","author":"MC Jonathan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jonathan MC, Van Den Borne JJGC, Van Wiechen P, Souza Da Silva C, Schols HA, Gruppen H. In vitro fermentation of 12 dietary fibres by faecal inoculum from pigs and humans. Food Chem. 2012;133:889\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.01.110.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"5568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.85","volume":"9","author":"F Carbonero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carbonero F, Benefiel AC, Gaskins HR. Contributions of the microbial hydrogen economy to colonic homeostasis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;9:504\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.85.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5568_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G125","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00261.2020","volume":"320","author":"F Blachier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blachier F, Andriamihaja M, Larraufie P, Ahn E, Lan A, Kim E. Production of hydrogen sulfide by the intestinal microbiota and epithelial cells and consequences for the colonic and rectal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2021;320:G125\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00261.2020.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"5568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00448","volume":"3","author":"F Carbonero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carbonero F, Benefiel AC, Alizadeh-Ghamsari AH, Gaskins HR. Microbial pathways in colonic sulfur metabolism and links with health and disease. Front Physiol. 2012;3:448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2012.00448.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"5568_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01183-w","volume":"23","author":"I Mukhopadhya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mukhopadhya I, Louis P. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025;23:635\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-025-01183-w.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"5568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13589","volume":"19","author":"P Louis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Louis P, Flint HJ. Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol. 2017;19:29\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13589.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"5568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006916","volume":"80","author":"C Martin-Gallausiaux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin-Gallausiaux C, Marinelli L, Blotti\u00e8re HM, Larraufie P, Lapaque N. SCFA: mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Proc Nutr Soc. 2021;80:37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665120006916.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"5568_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.food.102308.124101","volume":"1","author":"N Nakamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakamura N, Lin HC, McSweeney CS, Mackie RI, Gaskins HR. Mechanisms of microbial hydrogen disposal in the human colon and implications for health and disease. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2010;1:363\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.food.102308.124101.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"5568_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","volume":"3","author":"HJ Flint","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flint HJ, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Louis P, Forano E. Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes. 2012;3:289\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.19897.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"5568_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2022-048","volume":"42","author":"Y Ohashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohashi Y, Fujisawa T. Amounts and species of probiotic lactic acid bacteria affect stimulation of short-chain fatty acid production in fecal batch culture. Biosci Microbiota Food HEALTH. 2023;42:100\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12938\/bmfh.2022-048.","journal-title":"Biosci Microbiota Food HEALTH"},{"key":"5568_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.10.003","volume":"12","author":"Q Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao Q, Liu Z, Li K, Bai G, Liu L, Zhong R, et al. Time-course effects of different fiber-rich ingredients on energy values, microbiota composition and SCFA profile in growing pigs. Anim Nutr. 2023;12:263\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.10.003.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"5568_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-01019-4","volume":"19","author":"M Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang M, Zhang Y, Ni M, Shen M, Tao Y, Shen W, et al. Shen-bai-jie-du decoction suppresses the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma through regulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids. Chin Med. 2024;19:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-024-01019-4.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"5568_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01361","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01361-17","volume":"5","author":"S Bag","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bag S, Ghosh TS, Das B. Complete genome sequence of collinsella aerofaciens isolated from the gut of a healthy indian subject. Genome Announc. 2017;5:e01361\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/genomeA.01361-17.","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"5568_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e94","volume":"63","author":"JK Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh JK, Vasquez R, Kim SH, Hwang I-C, Song JH, Park JH, et al. Multispecies probiotics alter fecal short-chain fatty acids and lactate levels in weaned pigs by modulating gut microbiota. J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;63:1142\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2021.e94.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"5568_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5312","volume":"20","author":"DR Linden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Linden DR. Hydrogen sulfide signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:818\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2013.5312.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"5568_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030050393","volume":"166","author":"U H\u00e4rtel","year":"1996","unstructured":"H\u00e4rtel U, Buckel W. Fermentation of trans-aconitate via citrate, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate by acidaminococcus fermentans. Arch Microbiol. 1996;166:342\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002030050393.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"5568_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D672","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae909","volume":"53","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kanehisa M, Furumichi M, Sato Y, Matsuura Y, Ishiguro-Watanabe M. KEGG: biological systems database as a model of the real world. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53:D672\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkae909.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"5568_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","volume":"38","author":"GM Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, et al. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38:685\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05568-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05568-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05568-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:42:06Z","timestamp":1789375326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05568-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05568-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Henan Agricultural University, China (approval No. HENAU-2021-015). Consent to participate was not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"806"}}