{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:55:44Z","timestamp":1790610944431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Carrot production regions worldwide incur enormous annual economic losses due to postharvest white mold caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Biological control is a promising approach for controlling postharvest pathogens. This study investigated the biocontrol efficacy of using\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    JR4 against Sclerotinia rot and its potential mechanisms of action. The results showed that the JR4 strain achieved 91.1% inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a dual-culture assay.\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    JR4 was able to produce extracellular enzymes such as protease, cellulase, and chitinase. Applying JR4 bacterial suspension at 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    on postharvest carrots infected with the pathogen reduced rot incidence by 65.4% and lesion length by 80.6% on day 5. The same concentration increased the levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids, as well as the activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). It also increased the expression of three defense-related genes in postharvest carrots over four days. Compared to untreated carrots, it exhibited lower levels of cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Furthermore, the cell-free culture filtrate of JR4 showed minimal to no toxicity on WI-38 and Vero cells across all concentrations. The results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    JR4 could be an effective and sustainable biocontrol agent for controlling white mold in postharvest carrots. However, further safety assessments are needed for its successful application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05623-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:54:01Z","timestamp":1790560441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential mechanisms of endophytic Bacillus velezensis JR4 as a biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing postharvest rot in carrot"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mohammed A. 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Efficacy of UV-C radiation in inducing systemic acquired resistance against storage carrot rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Postharvest Biol Technol. 2017;130:94\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2017.04.009.","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol Technol"},{"key":"5623_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/aab.12908","volume":"185","author":"S Latvala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Latvala S, Haapalainen M, Karisto P, Kivij\u00e4rvi P, J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen O, Suojala-Ahlfors T. Changes in the prevalence of fungal species causing post-harvest diseases of carrot in Finland. 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