{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:06:35Z","timestamp":1792163195040,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-015-0190-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T15:01:57Z","timestamp":1439391717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The effects of preferential A- and C-fibre blocks and T-type calcium channel antagonist on detection of low-force monofilaments in healthy human participants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Saad S.","family":"Nagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingvars","family":"Birznieks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Vickery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mahns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"190_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.9.865","volume":"38","author":"RA Mackenzie","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mackenzie RA, Burke D, Skuse NF, Lethlean AK (1975) Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38:865\u2013873","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"190_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233334","volume":"16","author":"HE Torebj\u00f6rk","year":"1973","unstructured":"Torebj\u00f6rk HE, Hallin RG (1973) Perceptual changes accompanying controlled preferential blocking of A and C fibre responses in intact human skin nerves. Exp Brain Res 16:321\u2013332","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018247","volume":"429","author":"G Macefield","year":"1990","unstructured":"Macefield G, Gandevia SC, Burke D (1990) Perceptual responses to microstimulation of single afferents innervating joints, muscles and skin of the human hand. J Physiol 429:113\u2013129","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/73.4.480","volume":"73","author":"DC Sinclair","year":"1950","unstructured":"Sinclair DC, Hinshaw JR (1950) A comparison of the sensory dissociation produced by procaine and by limb compression. Brain 73:480\u2013498","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"190_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1939.sp003707","volume":"95","author":"Y Zotterman","year":"1939","unstructured":"Zotterman Y (1939) Touch, pain and tickling: an electrophysiological investigation on cutaneous sensory nerves. J Physiol 95:1\u201328","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1977.40.6.1325","volume":"40","author":"T Kumazawa","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kumazawa T, Perl ER (1977) Primate cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers. J Neurophysiol 40:1325\u20131338","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"190_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.54.3.491","volume":"54","author":"VK Shea","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shea VK, Perl ER (1985) Sensory receptors with unmyelinated (C) fibers innervating the skin of the rabbit\u2019s ear. J Neurophysiol 54:491\u2013501","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"190_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.027","volume":"147","author":"L Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li L, Rutlin M, Abraira VE, Cassidy C, Kus L, Gong S, Jankowski MP, Luo W, Heintz N, Koerber HR, Woodbury CJ, Ginty DD (2011) The functional organization of cutaneous low-threshold mechanosensory neurons. Cell 147:1615\u20131627","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"190_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.5.1684","volume":"69","author":"JW Leem","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leem JW, Willis WD, Chung JM (1993) Cutaneous sensory receptors in the rat foot. J Neurophysiol 69:1684\u20131699","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"190_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004736","volume":"117","author":"J Maruhashi","year":"1952","unstructured":"Maruhashi J, Mizuguchi K, Tasaki I (1952) Action currents in single afferent nerve fibres elicited by stimulation of the skin of the toad and the cat. J Physiol 117:129\u2013151","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248518","volume":"72","author":"R Johansson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Johansson R, Trulsson M, Olsson K, Westberg K (1988) Mechanoreceptor activity from the human face and oral mucosa. Exp Brain Res 72:204\u2013208","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018135","volume":"426","author":"M Nordin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nordin M (1990) Low-threshold mechanoreceptive and nociceptive units with unmyelinated (C) fibres in the human supraorbital nerve. J Physiol 426:229\u2013240","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90968-S","volume":"628","author":"\u00c5B Vallbo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vallbo \u00c5B, Olausson H, Wessberg J, Norrsell U (1993) A system of unmyelinated afferents for innocuous mechanoreception in the human skin. Brain Res 628:301\u2013304","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0289j.x","volume":"531","author":"BB Edin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edin BB (2001) Cutaneous afferents provide information about knee joint movements in humans. J Physiol 531:289\u2013297","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.799ab.x","volume":"515","author":"J Serra","year":"1999","unstructured":"Serra J, Campero M, Ochoa J, Bostock H (1999) Activity-dependent slowing of conduction differentiates functional subtypes of C fibres innervating human skin. J Physiol 515:799\u2013811","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3677-z","volume":"231","author":"SS Nagi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagi SS, Mahns DA (2013) Mechanical allodynia in human glabrous skin mediated by low-threshold cutaneous mechanoreceptors with unmyelinated fibres. Exp Brain Res 231:139\u2013151","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08505","volume":"462","author":"RP Seal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seal RP, Wang X, Guan Y, Raja SN, Woodbury CJ, Basbaum AI, Edwards RH (2009) Injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity requires C-low threshold mechanoreceptors. Nature 462:651\u2013655","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"190_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11810","volume":"493","author":"S Vrontou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vrontou S, Wong AM, Rau KK, Koerber HR, Anderson DJ (2013) Genetic identification of C fibres that detect massage-like stroking of hairy skin in vivo. Nature 493:669\u2013673","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"190_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.042","volume":"10","author":"A Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois A, Sch\u00fcetter N, Laffray S, Sanguesa J, Pizzoccaro A, Dubel S, Mantilleri A, Nargeot J, No\u00ebl J, Wood JN, Moqrich A, Pongs O, Bourinet E (2015) The low-threshold calcium channel Cav3.2 determines low-threshold mechanoreceptor function. Cell Rep 10:370\u2013382","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"190_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000202","volume":"156","author":"MS Samour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samour, Nagi SS, Mahns DA (2015) Cav3.2-expressing low-threshold C fibres in human hairy skin contribute to cold allodynia\u2014a non-TRPV1- and non-TRPM8-dependent phenomenon. Pain 156:1566\u20131575","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"190_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20534","volume":"34","author":"J Cole","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cole J, Bushnell MC, McGlone F, Elam M, Lamarre Y, Vallbo \u00c5, Olausson H (2006) Unmyelinated tactile afferents underpin detection of low-force monofilaments. Muscle Nerve 34:105\u2013107","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"190_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.211326","volume":"589","author":"SS Nagi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagi SS, Rubin TK, Chelvanayagam DK, Macefield VG, Mahns DA (2011) Allodynia mediated by C-tactile afferents in human hairy skin. J Physiol 589:4065\u20134075","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR23","unstructured":"L\u00f6ken LS, Wessberg J, Olausson HW (2007) Unmyelinated tactile (CT) afferents are present in the human peroneal and radial nerves. In: Proceedings of Society for Neuroscience, San Diego"},{"key":"190_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1037\/cjep2007019","volume":"61","author":"F McGlone","year":"2007","unstructured":"McGlone F, Vallbo \u00c5B, Olausson H, L\u00f6ken L, Wessberg J (2007) Discriminative touch and emotional touch. Can J Exp Psychol 61:173\u2013183","journal-title":"Can J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"190_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2312","volume":"12","author":"LS L\u00f6ken","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00f6ken LS, Wessberg J, Morrison I, McGlone F, Olausson H (2009) Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans. Nat Neurosci 12:547\u2013548","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"190_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005899","volume":"139","author":"WW Douglas","year":"1957","unstructured":"Douglas WW, Ritchie JM (1957) Non-medullated fibres in the saphenous nerve which signal touch. J Physiol 139:385\u2013399","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.011","volume":"34","author":"H Olausson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olausson H, Wessberg J, Morrison I, McGlone F, Vallbo \u00c5 (2010) The neurophysiology of unmyelinated tactile afferents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34:185\u2013191","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"190_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.6.2753","volume":"81","author":"\u00c5B Vallbo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vallbo \u00c5B, Olausson H, Wessberg J (1999) Unmyelinated afferents constitute a second system coding tactile stimuli of the human hairy skin. J Neurophysiol 81:2753\u20132763","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"190_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.07.028","volume":"147","author":"J Serra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Serra J, Sola R, Quiles C, Casanova-Molla J, Pascual V, Bostock H, Valls-Sole J (2009) C-nociceptors sensitized to cold in a patient with small-fiber neuropathy and cold allodynia. Pain 147:46\u201353","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"190_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/36.1.34","volume":"36","author":"JM Thornbury","year":"1981","unstructured":"Thornbury JM, Mistretta CM (1981) Tactile sensitivity as a function of age. J Gerontol 36:34\u201339","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"190_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.4.791","volume":"106","author":"G Said","year":"1983","unstructured":"Said G, Slama G, Selva J (1983) Progressive centripetal degeneration of axons in small fibre diabetic polyneuropathy: a clinical and pathological study. Brain 106:791\u2013807","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"190_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000194314.86486.a2","volume":"66","author":"CH Gibbons","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gibbons CH, Griffin JW, Polydefkis M, Bonyhay I, Brown A, Hauer PE, McArthur JC (2006) The utility of skin biopsy for prediction of progression in suspected small fiber neuropathy. Neurology 66:256\u2013258","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"190_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2659-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"K \u00d8rstavik","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u00d8rstavik K, Namer B, Schmidt R, Schmelz M, Hilliges M, Weidner C, Carr RW, Handwerker H, J\u00f8rum E, Torebj\u00f6rk HE (2006) Abnormal function of C-fibers in patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Neurosci 26:11287\u201311294","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"190_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2386","volume":"27","author":"HH Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer HH, Rolke R, Bickel A, Birklein F (2004) Thermal thresholds predict painfulness of diabetic neuropathies. Diabetes Care 27:2386\u20132391","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"190_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000287","volume":"101","author":"RA Malik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Malik RA, Veves A, Walker D, Siddique I, Lye RH, Schady W, Boulton AJM (2001) Sural nerve fibre pathology in diabetic patients with mild neuropathy: relationship to pain, quantitative sensory testing and peripheral nerve electrophysiology. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101:367\u2013374","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"key":"190_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/152091501750219994","volume":"3","author":"M Polydefkis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Polydefkis M, Hauer P, Griffin J, McArthur J (2001) Skin biopsy as a tool to assess distal small fiber innervation in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Technol Ther 3:23\u201328","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"190_CR37","unstructured":"Rice A (2014) Neuropathic pain in leprosy. In: Proceedings of painful polyneuropathies symposium World Congress on pain, Santiago"},{"key":"190_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091467","volume":"9","author":"AL Obradovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Obradovic AL, Hwang SM, Scarpa J, Hong SJ, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V (2014) Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels in peripheral sensory neurons are important for Mibefradil-induced reversal of hyperalgesia and allodynia in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. PLoS One 9:e91467","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"190_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0504","volume":"3","author":"G Said","year":"2007","unstructured":"Said G (2007) Diabetic neuropathy\u2014a review. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3:331\u2013340","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"key":"190_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3521-5","volume":"227","author":"DA Mahns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mahns DA, Nagi SS (2013) An investigation into the peripheral substrates involved in the tactile modulation of cutaneous pain with emphasis on the C-tactile fibres. Exp Brain Res 227:457\u2013465","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.01.009","volume":"14","author":"SS Nagi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagi SS, Mahns DA (2013) C-tactile fibers contribute to cutaneous allodynia after eccentric exercise. J Pain 14:538\u2013548","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"190_CR42","first-page":"457","volume":"22","author":"D Angaut-Petit","year":"1975","unstructured":"Angaut-Petit D (1975) The dorsal column system: I. Existence of long ascending postsynaptic fibres in the cat\u2019s fasciculus gracilis. Exp Brain Res 22:457\u2013470","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR43","first-page":"471","volume":"22","author":"D Angaut-Petit","year":"1975","unstructured":"Angaut-Petit D (1975) The dorsal column system: II. Functional properties and bulbar relay of the postsynaptic fibres of the cat\u2019s fasciculus gracilis. Exp Brain Res 22:471\u2013493","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234821","volume":"27","author":"A Rustioni","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rustioni A, Kaufman AB (1977) Identification of cells of origin of non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei of the cat. Exp Brain Res 27:1\u201314","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"190_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1937","volume":"10","author":"Q Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu Q, Vrontou S, Rice FL, Zylka MJ, Dong X, Anderson DJ (2007) Molecular genetic visualization of a rare subset of unmyelinated sensory neurons that may detect gentle touch. Nat Neurosci 10:946\u2013948","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"190_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3764416","volume":"234","author":"Y Sugiura","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sugiura Y, Lee CL, Perl ER (1986) Central projections of identified, unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers innervating mammalian skin. Science 234:358\u2013361","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"190_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.181511","volume":"588","author":"D Andrew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andrew D (2010) Quantitative characterization of low-threshold mechanoreceptor inputs to lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons in the rat. J Physiol 588:117\u2013124","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"190_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1259-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"S Neumann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neumann S, Braz JM, Skinner K, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Basbaum AI (2008) Innocuous, not noxious, input activates PKC\u03b3 interneurons of the spinal dorsal horn via myelinated afferent fibers. J Neurosci 28:7936\u20137944","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"190_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/462580a","volume":"462","author":"LJ Drew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drew LJ, MacDermott AB (2009) Neuroscience: unbearable lightness of touch. Nature 462:580\u2013581","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["BMC Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12868-015-0190-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T04:03:05Z","timestamp":1599451385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/1471-2202\/16\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-015-0190-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]]},"article-number":"52"}}