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Although each of these molecules effectively reduce the activity of central neurons, diazepam does so through modulation of a more specific set of receptor targets (GABA\n                      <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptors containing a \u03b3-subunit), while alcohol is less selective in its receptor bioactivity. Our investigation focuses on divergent actions of diazepam and ethanol on the firing patterns of cultured cortical neurons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used electrophysiological recordings from organotypic slice cultures derived from Sprague\u2013Dawley rat neocortex. We exposed these cultures to either diazepam (15 and 30\u00a0\u00b5M, n\u2009=\u20097) or ethanol (30 and 60\u00a0mM, n\u2009=\u200911) and recorded the electrical activity at baseline and experimental conditions. For analysis, we extracted the episodes of spontaneous activity, i.e., cortical up-states. After separation of action potential and local field potential (LFP) activity, we looked at differences in the number of action potentials, in the spectral power of the LFP, as well as in the coupling between action potential and LFP phase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While both substances seem to decrease neocortical action potential firing in a not significantly different (p\u2009=\u20090.659, Mann\u2013Whitney U) fashion, diazepam increases the spectral power of the up-state without significantly impacting the spectral composition, whereas ethanol does not significantly change the spectral power but the oscillatory architecture of the up-state as revealed by the Friedman test with Bonferroni correction (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Further, the action potential to LFP-phase coupling reveals a synchronizing effect of diazepam for a wide frequency range and a narrow-band de-synchronizing effect for ethanol (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diazepam and ethanol, induce specific patterns of network depressant actions. Diazepam induces cortical network inhibition and increased synchronicity via gamma subunit containing GABA\n                      <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptors. Ethanol also induces cortical network inhibition, but without an increase in synchronicity via a wider span of molecular targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-019-0540-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T06:04:07Z","timestamp":1575957847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Diazepam and ethanol differently modulate neuronal activity in organotypic cortical cultures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Brucklacher-Waldert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Claassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Antkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berthold","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199908000-00025","volume":"91","author":"B Antkowiak","year":"1999","unstructured":"Antkowiak B. 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We put in a great deal of effort to reduce the number and suffering of animals.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"58"}}