{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:27:23Z","timestamp":1790810843756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81702461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81702461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81702175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81702175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Programe","award":["17YF1426500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17YF1426500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autophagy is considered to be another restorative focus for the treatment of brain tumors. Although several research have demonstrated that melatonin induces autophagy in colon cancer and hepatoma cells, there has not been any direct evidence of whether melatonin is capable of inducing autophagy in human glioma cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present research, we report that melatonin or its agonist, agomelatine, induced autophagy in A172 and U87-MG glioblastoma cells for a concentration-and time-dependent way, which was significantly attenuated by treatment with luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist. Furthermore, by suppressing autophagy at the late-stage with bafilomycin A1 and early stage with 3-MA, we found that the melatonin-induced autophagy was activated early, and the autophagic flux was complete. Melatonin treatment alone did not induce any apoptotic changes in the glioblastoma cells, as measured by flow cytometry. Western blot studies confirmed that melatonin alone prominently upregulated the levels of Beclin 1 and LC3 II, which was accompanied by an increase in the expression of Bcl-2, whereas it had no effect on the expression of Bax in the glioblastoma cells. Remarkably, co-treatment with 3-MA and melatonin significantly enhanced the apoptotic cell population in the glioblastoma cells, along with a prominent decrease in the expression of bcl-2 and increase in the Bax expression levels, which collectively indicated that the disruption of autophagy triggers the melatonin-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide information indicating that melatonin may act as a common upstream signal between autophagy and apoptosis, which may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for glioma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-019-0545-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T10:02:39Z","timestamp":1577095359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Inhibition of autophagy triggers melatonin-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7996-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi Xuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeng Xin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou223","volume":"16","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C, Chen Y, Dowling J, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan J. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007\u20132011. Neuro-Oncology. 2014;16:iv1\u201363.","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2011.00544.x","volume":"22","author":"N Kaza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaza N, Kohli L, Roth KA. Autophagy in brain tumors: a new target for therapeutic intervention. Brain Pathol. 2012;22(1):89\u201398.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401359","volume":"11","author":"T Kanzawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kanzawa T, Germano IM, Komata T, Ito H, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Role of autophagy in temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells. Cell Death Differ. 2004;11(4):448\u201357.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"5","key":"545_CR4","first-page":"1401","volume":"26","author":"H Ito","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ito H, Daido S, Kanzawa T, Kondo S, Kondo Y. Radiation-induced autophagy is associated with LC3 and its inhibition sensitizes malignant glioma cells. Int J Oncol. 2005;26(5):1401\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR5","first-page":"429","volume":"30","author":"C Miracco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miracco C, Cosci E, Oliveri G, Luzi P, Pacenti L, Monciatti I, Mannucci S, De Nisi MC, Toscano M, Malagnino V, et al. Protein and mRNA expression of autophagy gene Beclin 1 in human brain tumours. Int J Oncol. 2007;30(2):429\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.03.051","volume":"17","author":"X Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang X, Bai HM, Chen L, Li B, Lu YC. Reduced expression of LC3B-II and Beclin 1 in glioblastoma multiforme indicates a down-regulated autophagic capacity that relates to the progression of astrocytic tumors. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(12):1515\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"545_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5668","volume":"4","author":"H Aoki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aoki H, Kondo Y, Aldape K, Yamamoto A, Iwado E, Yokoyama T, Hollingsworth EF, Kobayashi R, Hess K, Shinojima N, et al. Monitoring autophagy in glioblastoma with antibody against isoform B of human microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. Autophagy. 2008;4(4):467\u201375.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"7","key":"545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.7.9227","volume":"5","author":"L Pirtoli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pirtoli L, Cevenini G, Tini P, Vannini M, Oliveri G, Marsili S, Mourmouras V, Rubino G, Miracco C. The prognostic role of Beclin 1 protein expression in high-grade gliomas. Autophagy. 2009;5(7):930\u20136.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00342.x","volume":"41","author":"G Garcia-Santos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garcia-Santos G, Antolin I, Herrera F, Martin V, Rodriguez-Blanco J, del Pilar Carrera M, Rodriguez C. Melatonin induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cancer cells. J Pineal Res. 2006;41(2):130\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00641.x","volume":"45","author":"J Martin-Renedo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin-Renedo J, Mauriz JL, Jorquera F, Ruiz-Andres O, Gonzalez P, Gonzalez-Gallego J. Melatonin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line. J Pineal Res. 2008;45(4):532\u201340.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"545_CR11","first-page":"6121","volume":"48","author":"SM Hill","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hill SM, Blask DE. Effects of the pineal hormone melatonin on the proliferation and morphological characteristics of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture. Cancer Res. 1988;48(21):6121\u20136.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"545_CR12","first-page":"4383","volume":"58","author":"S Cos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cos S, Fernandez R, Guezmes A, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ. Influence of melatonin on invasive and metastatic properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1998;58(19):4383\u201390.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0045(20001101)45:3<238::AID-PROS6>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"45","author":"MM Marelli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marelli MM, Limonta P, Maggi R, Motta M, Moretti RM. Growth-inhibitory activity of melatonin on human androgen-independent DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2000;45(3):238\u201344.","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"1","key":"545_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20155","volume":"63","author":"RM Sainz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Tan DX, Leon J, Manchester L, Reiter RJ. Melatonin reduces prostate cancer cell growth leading to neuroendocrine differentiation via a receptor and PKA independent mechanism. Prostate. 2005;63(1):29\u201343.","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00230-4","volume":"302","author":"RM Sainz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Tan DX, Lopez-Burillo S, Natarajan M, Reiter RJ. Antioxidant activity of melatonin in Chinese hamster ovarian cells: changes in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;302(3):625\u201334.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12162","volume":"57","author":"HM Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang HM, Zhang Y. Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. J Pineal Res. 2014;57(2):131\u201346.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"545_CR17","first-page":"4693","volume":"59","author":"DE Blask","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blask DE, Sauer LA, Dauchy RT, Holowachuk EW, Ruhoff MS, Kopff HS. Melatonin inhibition of cancer growth in vivo involves suppression of tumor fatty acid metabolism via melatonin receptor-mediated signal transduction events. Cancer Res. 1999;59(18):4693\u2013701.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"545_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0045(200101)46:1<52::AID-PROS1008>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"46","author":"SC Xi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xi SC, Siu SW, Fong SW, Shiu SY. Inhibition of androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer growth in vivo by melatonin: association of antiproliferative action of the pineal hormone with mt1 receptor protein expression. Prostate. 2001;46(1):52\u201361.","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"12","key":"545_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.834890","volume":"17","author":"M Bizzarri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bizzarri M, Proietti S, Cucina A, Reiter RJ. Molecular mechanisms of the pro-apoptotic actions of melatonin in cancer: a review. Expert Opin Therap Targets. 2013;17(12):1483\u201396.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Therap Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000227533","volume":"53","author":"P Lissoni","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lissoni P, Meregalli S, Nosetto L, Barni S, Tancini G, Fossati V, Maestroni G. Increased survival time in brain glioblastomas by a radioneuroendocrine strategy with radiotherapy plus melatonin compared to radiotherapy alone. Oncology. 1996;53(1):43\u20136.","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"545_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00915.x","volume":"51","author":"V Motilva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Motilva V, Garcia-Maurino S, Talero E, Illanes M. New paradigms in chronic intestinal inflammation and colon cancer: role of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2011;51(1):44\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12119","volume":"56","author":"Y Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong Y, Won J, Lee Y, Lee S, Park K, Chang KT, Hong Y. Melatonin treatment induces interplay of apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence in human colorectal cancer cells. J Pineal Res. 2014;56(3):264\u201374.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22274","volume":"55","author":"PP Trivedi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trivedi PP, Jena GB, Tikoo KB, Kumar V. Melatonin modulated autophagy and Nrf2 signaling pathways in mice with colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog. 2016;55(3):255\u201367.","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.12.012","volume":"12","author":"C Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu C, Jia Z, Zhang X, Hou J, Wang L, Hao S, Ruan X, Yu Z, Zheng Y. Involvement of melatonin in autophagy-mediated mouse hepatoma H22 cell survival. Int Immunopharmacol. 2012;12(2):394\u2013401.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402030","volume":"14","author":"M Katayama","year":"2007","unstructured":"Katayama M, Kawaguchi T, Berger MS, Pieper RO. DNA damaging agent-induced autophagy produces a cytoprotective adenosine triphosphate surge in malignant glioma cells. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(3):548\u201358.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3436.1","volume":"164","author":"H Zhao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhao H, Cai Y, Santi S, Lafrenie R, Lee H. Chloroquine-mediated radiosensitization is due to the destabilization of the lysosomal membrane and subsequent induction of cell death by necrosis. Radiat Res. 2005;164(3):250\u20137.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"545_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502857102","volume":"102","author":"Z Feng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feng Z, Zhang H, Levine AJ, Jin S. The coordinate regulation of the p53 and mTOR pathways in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(23):8204\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-005-1444-0","volume":"23","author":"SM Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang SM, Wen P, Cloughesy T, Greenberg H, Schiff D, Conrad C, Fink K, Robins HI, De Angelis L, Raizer J, et al. Phase II study of CCI-779 in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Invest New Drugs. 2005;23(4):357\u201361.","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"issue":"23","key":"545_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.23.622","volume":"23","author":"E Galanis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Galanis E, Buckner JC, Maurer MJ, Kreisberg JI, Ballman K, Boni J, Peralba JM, Jenkins RB, Dakhil SR, Morton RF, et al. Phase II trial of temsirolimus (CCI-779) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(23):5294\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"545_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.28984","volume":"10","author":"MR Rosenfeld","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosenfeld MR, Ye X, Supko JG, Desideri S, Grossman SA, Brem S, Mikkelson T, Wang D, Chang YC, Hu J, et al. A phase I\/II trial of hydroxychloroquine in conjunction with radiation therapy and concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Autophagy. 2014;10(8):1359\u201368.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12170","volume":"57","author":"V Martin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin V, Sanchez-Sanchez AM, Puente-Moncada N, Gomez-Lobo M, Alvarez-Vega MA, Antolin I, Rodriguez C. Involvement of autophagy in melatonin-induced cytotoxicity in glioma-initiating cells. J Pineal Res. 2014;57(3):308\u201316.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25975","volume":"129","author":"W Zhuang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhuang W, Li B, Long L, Chen L, Huang Q, Liang Z. Induction of autophagy promotes differentiation of glioma-initiating cells and their radiosensitivity. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2011;129(11):2720\u201331.","journal-title":"International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer"},{"issue":"35","key":"545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.09.003","volume":"33","author":"Y Ueda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ueda Y, Wei FY, Hide T, Michiue H, Takayama K, Kaitsuka T, Nakamura H, Makino K, Kuratsu J, Futaki S, et al. Induction of autophagic cell death of glioma-initiating cells by cell-penetrating D-isomer peptides consisting of Pas and the p53 C-terminus. Biomaterials. 2012;33(35):9061\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR34","first-page":"157","volume":"19","author":"RE Kast","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kast RE. Agomelatine or ramelteon as treatment adjuncts in glioblastoma and other M1- or M2-expressing cancers. Contemp oncol. 2015;19(2):157\u201362.","journal-title":"Contemp oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"545_CR35","first-page":"255","volume":"6","author":"L Albert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Albert L, Karsy M, Murali R, Jhanwar-Uniyal M. Inhibition of mTOR Activates the MAPK Pathway in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2009;6(5):255\u201361.","journal-title":"Cancer Genomics Proteomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-2354","volume":"66","author":"V Martin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martin V, Herrera F, Carrera-Gonzalez P, Garcia-Santos G, Antolin I, Rodriguez-Blanco J, Rodriguez C. Intracellular signaling pathways involved in the cell growth inhibition of glioma cells by melatonin. Cancer Res. 2006;66(2):1081\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"545_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00539.x","volume":"44","author":"SR Kimball","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kimball SR, Abbas A, Jefferson LS. Melatonin represses oxidative stress-induced activation of the MAP kinase and mTOR signaling pathways in H4IIE hepatoma cells through inhibition of Ras. J Pineal Res. 2008;44(4):379\u201386.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"545_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00648.x","volume":"46","author":"P Kongsuphol","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kongsuphol P, Mukda S, Nopparat C, Villarroel A, Govitrapong P. Melatonin attenuates methamphetamine-induced deactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling to induce autophagy in SK-N-SH cells. J Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"545_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.13220FP","volume":"124","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Hou J, Liu J, Yao M, Li L, Zhang B, Zhu H, Wang Z. Inhibition of autophagy contributes to melatonin-mediated neuroprotection against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pharmacol Sci. 2014;124(3):354\u201364.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"545_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12607","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12607","volume":"67","author":"W Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao W, Xiong Z, Xiong W, Yuan C, Xiao H, Ruan H, Song Z, Wang C, Bao L, Cao Q, et al. Melatonin\/PGC1A\/UCP1 promotes tumor slimming and represses tumor progression by initiating autophagy and lipid browning. J Pineal Res. 2019;67:12607.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"545_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.04.009","volume":"361","author":"A Coto-Montes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Rosales-Corral S, Fuentes-Broto L, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Role of melatonin in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy: a review. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;361(1\u20132):12\u201323.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"545_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00954.x","volume":"52","author":"YJ Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu YJ, Meng FT, Wang LL, Zhang LF, Cheng XP, Zhou JN. Apolipoprotein E influences melatonin biosynthesis by regulating NAT and MAOA expression in C6 cells. J Pineal Res. 2012;52(4):397\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12868-019-0545-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12868-019-0545-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12868-019-0545-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T19:09:11Z","timestamp":1608577751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12868-019-0545-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-019-0545-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.13726\/v4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.13726\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.13726\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.13726\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}