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We evaluated the efficacy of crisdesalazine (a novel microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 inhibitor) in an EAE model, including its immune-regulating potency in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and its neuroprotective effects in a macrophage-neuronal co-culture system. Crisdesalazine significantly alleviated clinical symptoms, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord, and altered the phase of microglial\/macrophage and regulatory T cells. Crisdesalazine promoted the M1 to M2 phase transition in macrophages (immunomodulation) and reduced neuronal necrosis (neuroprotection) in vitro. This is the first study to directly demonstrate the therapeutic effects of a microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 inhibitor in an EAE model and its ability to alter macrophage polarization, suggesting that it may be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of patients affected by multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-024-00920-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T13:18:07Z","timestamp":1735910287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Crisdesalazine alleviates inflammation in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis multiple sclerosis mouse model by regulating the immune system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Su-Min","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ga-Hyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hyun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoung-Joo","family":"Gwag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So-Jung","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Won","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Young","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"920_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","volume":"26","author":"R Dobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson R, Giovannoni G. 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All procedures were conducted following the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal experiments. C57BL\/6J mice used in our experiment were purchased from Central Lab. Animal Inc., Korea. We obtained consent from the owners to use the animals in our study. The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank, Korea. As per Article 33, Paragraph 1, Item 1\u20133 of the Enforcement Rules in the Bioethics and Safety Act, research using study materials (including pathogens, cell lines, etc.) that are separated and processed from human-derived materials, which are accessible to the general public without directly collecting human-derived materials, can be exempted from IRB review. All authors were personally and actively involved in the substantial work leading to this paper, taking public responsibility for its content.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}