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It is considered an \u2018immunologically cold\u2019 tumour where immune infiltrates are polarised to drive immunosuppression\u2014and therefore tumour proliferation. An important driver of neuroinflammation in glioma is the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). While much of the complex glioma microenvironment has been characterised, studies expounding the associations between various cytokines\/chemokines, immune cell markers, P2X7R expression and glioma stemness are lacking. Here we aimed to characterise the mRNA expression profiles of various tumour markers, and common \u2018pro-\u2018 and \u2018anti-tumour\u2019 inflammatory mediators, and correlate this to P2X7R expression in human high-grade glioma samples compared to \u2018healthy\u2019 non-tumour post-mortem brain.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>High grade gliomas were collected from 34 patients undergoing routine tumour resection surgery and compared to 12 \u2018healthy\u2019 post-mortem controls. High throughput qPCR was performed on extracted RNA converted to cDNA to examine a custom-made panel of 38 tumour and immune related genes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Markers of innate immunity including CD68, S100A9, HLADR, NLPR3, interleukin (IL) 1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF\u03b1 and NF-\u03baB were significantly increased in human derived glioblastoma samples compared to healthy control brain. P2X7R was also upregulated in the glioma microenvironment and its expression was linked to the expression of VEGFB, MMP9, PCNA, IL-4 and IL-8. The level of expression of P2X7R was not associated with overall survival in high grade gliomas.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Collectively, this study confirms the significant overexpression of P2X7R in human high-grade gliomas as well as highlights the presence of a multidirectional neuroinflammatory milieu in which both tumour-promoting and tumour-suppressive genes are overexpressed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-025-00973-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T10:22:32Z","timestamp":1759314152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterisation of the expression of P2X7 receptor, cancer stem cell markers and immunological mediators in human high-grade gliomas"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liyen K.","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Drill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Muscat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmakrishnan C.","family":"Jayakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Todaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastura","family":"Monif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"973_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680021","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.680021","volume":"12","author":"MS Alghamri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alghamri MS, McClellan BL, Hartlage CS, Haase S, Faisal SM, Thalla R, et al. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their corresponding legally authorised representatives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"TO has received support from the National Health and Medical Research Council, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Monash University. He has been supported by research grants and consultancies to his institution from Eisai, UCB Pharma, Praxis Precision Medicines, BioGen and Supernus.MM has served on advisory board for Merck, Biogen, and Novartis. She has received speaker honoraria from Merck and Biogen. 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