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Glycine has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may offer neuroprotection against chemotherapy-related brain damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-five adult male BALB\/c mice were randomized into five groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095\/group) Group 1 received cisplatin for 14 days; Group 2 received cisplatin plus glycine for 14 days; Group 3 received cisplatin for 28 days; Group 4 received cisplatin for 14 days followed by glycine for 14 days; and Group 5 received cisplatin for 28 days with glycine introduced from day 14 to day 28. Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally at 3\u00a0mg\/kg every fourth day, and glycine was given subcutaneously at 1\u00a0g\/kg daily. The primary outcome was serum TNF-\u03b1 measured by ELISA. Secondary outcomes were neuronal integrity and optical density in the hippocampus and frontal cortex assessed by Nissl staining. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum TNF-\u03b1 levels differed significantly among groups (F\u2009=\u2009230.422,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Mean TNF-\u03b1 concentrations were 150.0 pg\/mL in Group 1, 130.2 pg\/mL in Group 2, 201.4 pg\/mL in Group 3, 159.4 pg\/mL in Group 4, and 171.0 pg\/mL in Group 5. Prolonged cisplatin exposure (Group 3) produced the highest TNF-\u03b1 levels, whereas concurrent glycine administration during the 14-day regimen (Group 2) resulted in the lowest levels. Compared with the 28-day cisplatin group, both delayed glycine treatment (Group 4) and glycine introduced during the second half of cisplatin exposure (Group 5) were associated with lower TNF-\u03b1 concentrations. Histological analysis demonstrated reduced Nissl staining intensity and neuronal preservation in cisplatin-only groups, particularly Group 3, whereas glycine-treated groups showed better preservation of neuronal architecture and optical density in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glycine attenuated cisplatin-induced neuroinflammation and preserved neuronal integrity in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of mice. These findings support further preclinical evaluation of glycine as a low-cost adjuvant strategy to reduce chemotherapy-associated neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-026-01023-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T20:34:48Z","timestamp":1782678888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycine as a potential neuroprotective adjuvant to reduce cisplatin-induced brain inflammation in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hafiz Muhammad Obaid","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5066-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umer","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Iqra","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8650-6354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahbaz Azam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqra","family":"Khadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima Mumtaz","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3835-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3425-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Mursaleen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Mustafeez Waheed","family":"Jami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najeeb","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8688-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Alqumbaey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06706-6","volume":"242","author":"F Mostafa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mostafa F, Mantawy EM, Said RS, Azab SS, El-Demerdash E. 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Published 2022 Mar 28.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["BMC Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12868-026-01023-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12868-026-01023-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12868-026-01023-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T01:36:34Z","timestamp":1789349794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12868-026-01023-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-026-01023-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Khyber Medical University Advance Studies & Research Board (Approval No. DIRJKMU-AS&RB\/GA\/002952, dated 16-10-2024). The research was conducted in compliance with national and international ethical standards for animal research, specifically observing the Animal Welfare Act (AWA), the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy, and the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study involved animal subjects only.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Patient consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Permission to reproduce material from other sources","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"34"}}