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AGPs biosynthesis involves a series of post-translational modifications including the addition of type II arabinogalactans to non-contiguous Hyp residues. To date, eight Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs; GALT2-GALT9) belonging to CAZy GT31, are known to catalyze the addition of the first galactose residues to AGP protein backbones and enable subsequent AGP glycosylation. The extent of genetic redundancy, however, remains to be elucidated for the\n                      <jats:italic>Hyp-GALT<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene family.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To examine their gene redundancy and functions, we generated various multiple gene knock-outs, including a triple mutant (\n                      <jats:italic>galt5\u00a0galt8\u00a0galt9<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), two quadruple mutants (\n                      <jats:italic>galt2\u00a0galt5\u00a0galt7\u00a0galt8, galt2\u00a0galt5\u00a0galt7\u00a0galt9<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and one quintuple mutant (\n                      <jats:italic>galt2\u00a0galt5\u00a0galt7\u00a0galt8\u00a0galt9<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and comprehensively examined their biochemical and physiological phenotypes. The key findings include: AGP precipitations with \u03b2-Yariv reagent showed that\n                      <jats:italic>GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GALT9<\/jats:italic>\n                      act redundantly with respect to AGP glycosylation in cauline and rosette leaves, while the activity of\n                      <jats:italic>GALT7, GALT8<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GALT9<\/jats:italic>\n                      dominate in the stem, silique and flowers. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that galactose was decreased in the silique and root AGPs of the\n                      <jats:italic>Hyp-GALT<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants. TEM analysis of\n                      <jats:italic>25789<\/jats:italic>\n                      quintuple mutant stems indicated cell wall defects coincident with the observed developmental and growth impairment in these\n                      <jats:italic>Hyp-GALT<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants. Correlated with expression patterns,\n                      <jats:italic>galt2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>galt5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>galt7<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>galt8,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>galt9<\/jats:italic>\n                      display equal additive effects on insensitivity to \u03b2-Yariv-induced growth inhibition, silique length, plant height, and pollen viability. Interestingly,\n                      <jats:italic>galt7<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>galt8,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>galt9<\/jats:italic>\n                      contributed more to primary root growth and root tip swelling under salt stress, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>galt2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>galt5<\/jats:italic>\n                      played more important roles in seed morphology, germination defects and seed set. Pollen defects likely contributed to the reduced seed set in these mutants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Additive and pleiotropic effects of\n                      <jats:italic>GALT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GALT5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GALT7<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GALT8<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GALT9<\/jats:italic>\n                      on vegetative and reproductive growth phenotypes were teased apart via generation of different combinations of\n                      <jats:italic>Hyp-GALT<\/jats:italic>\n                      knock-out mutants. Taken together, the generation of higher order\n                      <jats:italic>Hyp-GALT<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants demonstrate the functional importance of AG polysaccharides decorating the AGPs with respect to various aspects of plant growth and development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03362-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:02:27Z","timestamp":1639357347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Functional characterization of hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases for Arabidopsis arabinogalactan-protein synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dasmeet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mountain R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan M.","family":"Showalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3362_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13786","volume":"209","author":"C Herv\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 C, Sim\u00e9on A, Jam M, Cassin A, Johnson KL, Salme\u00e1n AA, et al. 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