{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:29:08Z","timestamp":1787786948003,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ-I-2238-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-I-2238-2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ-IP-2013-11-4126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-IP-2013-11-4126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically reviewed the evidence on the efficacy and safety of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) targeted pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) versus any comparator for treatment of non-neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, clinicaltrials.gov and WHO clinical trial register until January 8, 2019. All study designs were eligible. Two authors independently conducted literature screening. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and serious adverse events (SAEs). Secondary outcomes were any other pain-related outcome and any other safety outcome that was reported. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane tool and Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). We conducted narrative evidence synthesis and assessed the conclusiveness of included studies regarding efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 17 studies with 599 participants, which analyzed various pain syndromes. Two studies were randomized controlled trials; both included participants with low back pain (LBP). Non-randomized studies included patients with the following indications: LBP, postsurgical pain, pain associated with herpes zoster, cervicogenic headache, complex regional pain syndrome type 1, intractable vertebral metastatic pain, chronic scrotal and inguinal pain, occipital radiating pain in rheumatoid arthritis and chronic migraine. In these studies, the PRF was usually initiated after other treatments have failed. Eleven studies had positive conclusive statements (11\/17) about efficacy; the remaining had positive inconclusive statements. Only three studies provided conclusiveness of evidence statements regarding safety \u2013 two indicated that the evidence was positive conclusive, and one positive inconclusive. The risk of bias was predominantly unclear in randomized and serious in non-randomized studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor quality and few participants characterize evidence about benefits and harms of DRG PRF in patients with non-neuropathic pain. Results from available studies should only be considered preliminary. Not all studies have reported data regarding the safety of the intervention, but those that did, indicate that the intervention is relatively safe. As the procedure is non-destructive and early results are promising, further comparative studies about PRF in non-neuropathic pain syndromes would be welcomed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01023-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T18:03:59Z","timestamp":1588615439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Efficacy and safety of pulsed radiofrequency as a method of dorsal root ganglia stimulation for treatment of non-neuropathic pain: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Vuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svjetlana","family":"Do\u0161enovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tihana","family":"Marciu\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lejla","family":"Ferhatovi\u0107 Hamzi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Vu\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damir","family":"Sapunar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Puljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9859","key":"1023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","volume":"380","author":"T Vos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2163\u201396.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1023_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-770","volume":"11","author":"DS Goldberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldberg DS, Mcgee SJ. Pain as a global public health priority. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:770.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1023_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1070-7212(03)00004-6","volume":"11","author":"C Harstall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harstall C, Ospina M. How prevalent is chronic pain? Pain Clinical Updates. 2003;11:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Pain Clinical Updates"},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.004","volume":"153","author":"T Landmark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Landmark T, Romundstad P, Dale O, Borchgrevink PC, Kaasa S. Estimating the prevalence of chronic pain: validation of recall against longitudinal reporting (the HUNT pain study). Pain. 2012;153(7):1368\u201373.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1229","volume":"13","author":"H Breivik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Breivik H, Eisenberg E, O'brien T. The individual and societal burden of chronic pain in Europe: the case for strategic prioritisation and action to improve knowledge and availability of appropriate care. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1229.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1023_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim ED, Lee YI, Park HJ. Comparison of efficacy of continuous epidural block and pulsed radiofrequency to the dorsal root ganglion for management of pain persisting beyond the acute phase of herpes zoster. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0183559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183559.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183559"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006236","volume":"96","author":"MC Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang MC, Cho YW, Ahn SH. Comparison between bipolar pulsed radiofrequency and monopolar pulsed radiofrequency in chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 2017;96(9):e6236.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/1011-4564.131903","volume":"34","author":"WL Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin WL, Lin BF, Cherng CH, et al. Pulsed radiofrequency therapy for relieving neuropathic bone pain in cancer patients. J Med Sci (Taiwan). 2014;34(2):84\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Sci (Taiwan)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e328339628a","volume":"4","author":"S Snidvongs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snidvongs S, Mehta V. Pulsed radio frequency: a non-neurodestructive therapy in pain management. Current Opinion Supportive Palliative Care. 2010;4(2):107\u201310.","journal-title":"Current Opinion Supportive Palliative Care"},{"key":"1023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S26603","volume":"5","author":"D Sapunar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sapunar D, Kostic S, Banozic A, Puljak L. Dorsal root ganglion - a potential new therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. J Pain Res. 2012;5:31\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1023_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vuka I, Marcius T, Dosenovic S, Ferhatovic Hamzic L, Vucic K, Sapunar D, Puljak L. Efficacy and safety of pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglia in patients with neuropathic pain: a systematic review. Pain Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaa141.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa141"},{"key":"1023_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S168814","volume":"12","author":"I Vuka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vuka I, Marcius T, Dosenovic S, et al. Neuromodulation with electrical field stimulation of dorsal root ganglion in various pain syndromes: a systematic review with focus on participant selection. J Pain Res. 2019;12:803\u201330.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1023_CR13","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Available from https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/archive\/v5.1\/."},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22522","volume":"48","author":"VM Holanda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holanda VM, Chavantes MC, Silva DF, et al. Photobiomodulation of the dorsal root ganglion for the treatment of low back pain: a pilot study. Lasers Surg Med. 2016;48(7):653\u20139.","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"1023_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.12.183","volume":"112","author":"CC Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee CC, Chen CJ, Chou CC, et al. Lumbar dorsal root ganglion block as a prognostic tool before pulsed radiofrequency: a randomized, prospective, and comparative study on cost-effectiveness. World Neurosurgery. 2018;112:e157\u201364.","journal-title":"World Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"21","key":"1023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1126","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e11d73","volume":"35","author":"CL Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang CL, Yang BD, Lin ML, Wang YH, Wang JL. A patient-mount navigated intervention system for spinal diseases and its clinical trial on percutaneous pulsed radiofrequency stimulation of dorsal root ganglion. Spine. 2010;35(21):E1126\u201332.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/fjs.fjs_43_17","volume":"50","author":"HT Hsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hsu HT, Chang SJ, Huang KF, Tai PA, Li TC, Huang CJ. Correlation between lumbar lordosis and the treatment of chronic low back pain with pulsed radiofrequency applied to the L2 dorsal root ganglion. Formosan J Surg. 2017;50(4):125\u201330.","journal-title":"Formosan J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.SPINE08946","volume":"12","author":"H-K Tsou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsou H-K, Chao S-C, Wang C-J, et al. Percutaneous pulsed radiofrequency applied to the L-2 dorsal root ganglion for treatment of chronic low-back pain: 3-year experience clinical article. J Neurosurg-Spine. 2010;12(2):190\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg-Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR19","first-page":"134","volume":"30","author":"I Albayrak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Albayrak I, Apiliogullari S, Dal CN, Levendoglu F, Ozerbil OM. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency therapy to dorsal root ganglion adding to TENS and exercise for persistent pain after Total knee Arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2017;30(2):134\u201342.","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR20","first-page":"227","volume":"9","author":"SP Cohen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen SP, Sireci A, Wu CL, Larkin TM, Williams KA, Hurley RW. Pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglia is superior to pharmacotherapy or pulsed radiofrequency of the intercostal nerves in the treatment of chronic postsurgical thoracic pain. Pain Physician. 2006;9(3):227\u201335.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_576_17","volume":"12","author":"BN Fam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fam BN, El-Sayed GGE, Reyad RM, Mansour I. Efficacy and safety of pulsed radiofrequency and steroid injection for intercostobrachial neuralgia in postmastectomy pain syndrome - a clinical trial. Saudi J Anaesth. 2018;12(2):227\u201334.","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2003.03001.x","volume":"6","author":"J Van Zundert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Zundert J, Lame IE, De Louw A, et al. Percutaneous pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the cervical dorsal root ganglion in the treatment of chronic cervical pain syndromes: a clinical audit. Neuromodulation. 2003;6(1):6\u201314.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0351-3","volume":"12","author":"J Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang J, Shi D-S, Wang R. Pulsed radiofrequency of the second cervical ganglion (C2) for the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(5):569\u201371.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"1023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.03.059","volume":"33","author":"I Albayrak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Albayrak I, Apiliogullari S, Onal O, Gungor C, Saltali A, Levendoglu F. Pulsed radiofrequency applied to the dorsal root ganglia for treatment of post-stroke complex regional pain syndrome: a case series. J Clin Anesth. 2016;33:192\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12710","volume":"16","author":"S Apiliogullari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Apiliogullari S, Aydin BK, Onal O, Kirac Y, Celik JB. Pulsed radiofrequency of dorsal root ganglia for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome in an adolescent with poliomyelitis sequel: a case report. Pain Med. 2015;16(7):1369\u201372.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12629","volume":"16","author":"Y-CP Arai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arai Y-CP, Nishihara M, Yamamoto Y, et al. Dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency for the management of intractable vertebral metastatic pain: a case series. Pain Med. 2015;16(5):1007\u201312.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6 Pt B","key":"1023_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2013.03.018","volume":"9","author":"I Hofmeester","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hofmeester I, Steffens MG, Brinkert W. Chronic scrotal and inguinal pain after orchidopexy in a 13-year-old boy, treated by pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal ganglia. J Pediatric Urol. 2013;9(6 Pt B):e155\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatric Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2015.58.1.89","volume":"58","author":"SY Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee SY, Jang DI, Noh C, Ko YK. Successful treatment of occipital radiating headache using pulsed radiofrequency therapy. J Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2015;58(1):89\u201392.","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurgical Society"},{"key":"1023_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S172017","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Yin Y, Ye L, Zuo Y. Pulsed radiofrequency of C2 dorsal root ganglion under ultrasound guidance for chronic migraine: a case report. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1915\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.1.0042","volume":"29","author":"FS Letcher","year":"1968","unstructured":"Letcher FS, Goldring S. The effect of radiofrequency current and heat on peripheral nerve action potential in the cat. J Neurosurg. 1968;29(1):42\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-008-0008-3","volume":"12","author":"D Byrd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Byrd D, Mackey S. Pulsed radiofrequency for chronic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12(1):37\u201341.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"10003","key":"1023_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00489-4","volume":"386","author":"I Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts I, Ker K. How systematic reviews cause research waste. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1536.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1023_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Handoll HH, Langhorne P. In defence of reviews of small trials: underpinning the generation of evidence to inform practice. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.ED000106(11), ED000106 (2015).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000106(11"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-020-01023-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-020-01023-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-020-01023-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T01:15:23Z","timestamp":1666487723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12871-020-01023-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-020-01023-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In this study we analyzed only data from publicly available published articles; for this reason, ethic approval and consent of participants to participate are not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"105"}}