{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T03:03:12Z","timestamp":1784689392816,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This prospective, randomised, observer-blinded study has been conducted in patients undergoing procedures of the lower extremities to evaluate the time to complete block resolution of 2-chloroprocaine 1% at three intrathecal doses (30, 40 and 50\u2009mg).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>After informed consent, we enrolled 45 male and female patients, aged 18\u201365\u2009years, ASA score I-II, BMI 18\u201332\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, undergoing elective lower limb procedures lasting \u226440\u2009min and with a requested dermatomeric level of sensory block \u2265 T12.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>The patients were randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive Chloroprocaine HCl 1% at one of the three different intrathecal doses (Group 30\u2009=\u200930\u2009mg, Group 40\u2009=\u200940\u2009mg or Group 50\u2009=\u200950\u2009mg). The progression and regression of both sensory and motor blocks were evaluated blindly. Urine and venous blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Times to regression of spinal blocks were 1.76\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35\u2009h, 2.13\u2009\u00b1\u20090.46\u2009h and 2.23\u2009\u00b1\u20090.38\u2009h, in Group 30, 40 and 50 respectively: the 30\u2009mg dose showed a significantly faster resolution of spinal block than the 40\u2009mg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034) and the 50\u2009mg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006). Time to readiness for surgery was significantly reduced with the dose of 50\u2009mg when compared to dose of 30\u2009mg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0259).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The doses of 50\u2009mg and 40\u2009mg yielded a longer resolution of spinal block than the dose of 30\u2009mg. Nevertheless, the dose of 30\u2009mg resulted in a higher secondary failure rate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Registration of clinical trial: clinicaltrials.gov (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/results?recrs=&amp;cond=NCT02481505&amp;term=&amp;cntry=&amp;state=&amp;city=&amp;dist=\">NCT02481505<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01279-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T01:24:54Z","timestamp":1613870694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Spinal anaesthesia with Chloroprocaine HCl 1% for elective lower limb procedures of short duration: a prospective, randomised, observer-blind study in adult patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7972-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ghisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Boschetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Maria","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Giannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Frugiuele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Ciccarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bonarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000093228.61443.EE","volume":"98","author":"ME Kouri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kouri ME, Kopacz DJ. Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: a comparison with lidocaine in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:75\u201380.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000093361.48458.6E","volume":"98","author":"KN Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith KN, Kopacz DJ, McDonald S. Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: a dose-ranging study and the effect of added epinephrine. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:81\u20138.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000794","volume":"35","author":"V Gebhardt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gebhardt V, Zawierucha V, Sch\u00f6ffski O, et al. Spinal anaesthesia with chloroprocaine 1% versus total intravenous anaesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: A randomised controlled trial. 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All study patients signed informed consent. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Daniela Ghisi has participated as a medical consultant to a scientific advice with Sintetica S.A. The other authors have no competing interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"58"}}