{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:12:52Z","timestamp":1772165572805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infection is a major complication following cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedures for hydrocephalus. However, pediatric risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) are currently not well defined. Because a SSI prevention bundle is increasingly introduced, the purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with SSIs following CSF diversion surgeries following a SSI bundle at a single quaternary care pediatric hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing CSF diversion procedures from 2017 to 2019. SSIs were identified prospectively through continuous surveillance. We performed unadjusted logistic regression analyses and univariate analyses to determine an association between SSIs and patient demographics, comorbidities and perioperative factors to identify independent risk factors for SSI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified a total of 558 CSF diversion procedures with an overall SSI rate of 3.4%. The SSI rates for shunt, external ventricular drain (EVD) placement, and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) were 4.3, 6.9 and 0%, respectively. Among 323 shunt operations, receipt of clindamycin as perioperative prophylaxis and presence of cardiac disease were significantly associated with SSI (O.R. 4.99, 95% C.I. 1.27\u201319.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02 for the former, and O.R. 7.19, 95% C.I. 1.35\u201338.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02 for the latter). No risk factors for SSI were identified among 72 EVD procedures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified receipt of clindamycin as perioperative prophylaxis and the presence of cardiac disease as risk factors for SSI in shunt procedures. Cefazolin is recommended as a standard antibiotic for perioperative prophylaxis. Knowing that unsubstantiated beta-lactam allergy label is a significant medical problem, efforts should be made to clarify beta-lactam allergy status to maximize the number of patients who can receive cefazolin for prophylaxis before shunt placement. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism by which cardiac disease may increase SSI risk after shunt procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01342-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T03:04:38Z","timestamp":1618974278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk factors for pediatric surgical site infection following neurosurgical procedures for hydrocephalus: a retrospective single-center cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Miho","family":"Shibamura-Fujiogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ormsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Breibart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Warf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Priebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulpicio G.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Sandora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Yuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10020","key":"1342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60694-8","volume":"387","author":"KT Kahle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60694-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3171\/PED\/2008\/1\/2\/131","volume":"1","author":"TD Simon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simon TD, Riva-Cambrin J, Srivastava R, Bratton SL, Dean JM, Kestle JR. Hospital care for children with hydrocephalus in the United States: utilization, charges, comorbidities, and deaths. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;1(2):131\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/PED\/2008\/1\/2\/131.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000120166","volume":"11","author":"T Mapstone","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mapstone T, Rekate H, Nulsen F, Dixon M, Glaser N, Jaffe M. Relationship of CSF shunting and IQ in children with myelomeningocele: a retrospective analysis. Childs Brain. 1984;11(2):112\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000120166.","journal-title":"Childs Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"1342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01411261","volume":"138","author":"V Vanaclocha","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vanaclocha V, S\u00e1iz-Sapena N, Leiva J. Shunt malfunction in relation to shunt infection. Acta Neurochir. 1996;138(7):829\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01411261.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"3","key":"1342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-012-1574-z","volume":"155","author":"J Hommelstad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hommelstad J, Mads\u00f8 A, Eide PK. Significant reduction of shunt infection rate in children below 1 year of age after implementation of a perioperative protocol. Acta Neurochir. 2013;155(3):523\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-012-1574-z.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.4.PEDS10551","volume":"8","author":"JR Kestle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kestle JR, Riva-Cambrin J, Wellons JC 3rd, Kulkarni AV, Whitehead WE, Walker ML, et al. A standardized protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: the hydrocephalus clinical Research network quality improvement initiative. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;8(1):22\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.4.PEDS10551.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.PEDS14215","volume":"15","author":"HS Spader","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spader HS, Hertzler DA, Kestle JR, Riva-Cambrin J. Risk factors for infection and the effect of an institutional shunt protocol on the incidence of ventricular access device infections in preterm infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(2):156\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.9.PEDS14215.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14326","volume":"14","author":"P Klimo Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klimo P Jr, Van Poppel M, Thompson CJ, Baird LC, Duhaime AC, Flannery AM. Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 6: Preoperative antibiotics for shunt surgery in children with hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(Suppl 1):44\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(99)70088-X","volume":"27","author":"AJ Mangram","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Am J Infect Control. 1999;27(2):97\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0196-6553(99)70088-X.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.02.011","volume":"26","author":"M Zaben","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaben M, Manivannan S, Sharouf F, Hammad A, Patel C, Bhatti I, et al. The efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children 1 year of age or younger: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;26:7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.02.011.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS141240","volume":"123","author":"M Labidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Labidi M, Lavoie P, Lapointe G, Obaid S, Weil AG, Bojanowski MW, et al. Predicting success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy: validation of the ETV success score in a mixed population of adult and pediatric patients. J Neurosurg. 2015;123(6):1447\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.12.JNS141240.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01710738","volume":"21","author":"U Kontny","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kontny U, H\u00f6fling B, Gutjahr P, Voth D, Schwarz M, Schmitt H. CSF shunt infections in children. Infection. 1993;21(2):89\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01710738.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"1342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000070413","volume":"38","author":"D Cochrane","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cochrane D, Kestle J. The influence of surgical operative experience on the duration of first ventriculoperitoneal shunt function and infection. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003;38(6):295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000070413.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.03.024","volume":"12","author":"S Ratanalert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ratanalert S, Musikawat P, Oearsakul T, Saeheng S, Chowchuvech V. Non-shaved ventriculoperitoneal shunt in Thailand. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(2):147\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.03.024.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14327","volume":"14","author":"P Klimo Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klimo P Jr, Thompson CJ, Baird LC, Flannery AM. Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 7: Antibiotic-impregnated shunt systems versus conventional shunts in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(Suppl 1):53\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2007.22.4.11","volume":"22","author":"D Sciubba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sciubba D, Lin L, Woodworth G, McGirt M, Carson B, Jallo G. Factors contributing to the medical costs of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection treatment in pediatric patients with standard shunt components compared with those in patients with antibiotic impregnated components. Neurosurg Focus. 2007;22(4):E9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/foc.2007.22.4.11.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"10208","key":"1342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31603-4","volume":"394","author":"CL Mallucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mallucci CL, Jenkinson MD, Conroy EJ, Hartley JC, Brown M, Dalton J, et al. Antibiotic or silver versus standard ventriculoperitoneal shunts (BASICS): a multicentre, single-blinded, randomised trial and economic evaluation. Lancet. 2019;394(10208):1530\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31603-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS13395","volume":"122","author":"SL Parker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parker SL, McGirt MJ, Murphy JA, Megerian JT, Stout M, Engelhart L. Comparative effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters in the treatment of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus: analysis of 12,589 consecutive cases from 287 US hospital systems. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(2):443\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.10.JNS13395.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.01.026","volume":"123","author":"LC Savic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Savic LC, Khan DA, Kopac P, Clarke RC, Cooke PJ, Dewachter P, et al. Management of a surgical patient with a label of penicillin allergy: narrative review and consensus recommendations. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(1):e82\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2019.01.026.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.100074","volume":"2","author":"KK Venkatesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkatesh KK, Hughes BL, Grotegut CA, Strauss RA, Stamilio DM, Heine RP, et al. Preoperative cefazolin rather than clindamycin or metronidazole is associated with lower postpartum infection among women with chorioamnionitis delivering by cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(1):100074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.100074.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.PEDS12616","volume":"12","author":"MA Kebriaei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kebriaei MA, Shoja MM, Salinas SM, Falkenstrom KL, Sribnick EA, Tubbs RS, et al. Shunt infection in the first year of life. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013;12(1):44\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.4.PEDS12616.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-010-1081-4","volume":"25","author":"K Yuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuki K, Casta A, Uezono S. Anesthetic management of noncardiac surgery for patients with single ventricle physiology. J Anesth. 2011;25(2):247\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-010-1081-4.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS14670","volume":"17","author":"J Riva-Cambrin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riva-Cambrin J, Kestle JR, Holubkov R, Butler J, Kulkarni AV, Drake J, et al. Risk factors for shunt malfunction in pediatric hydrocephalus: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;17(4):382\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS14670.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2015.03.006","volume":"29","author":"D Whiting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whiting D, Yuki K, DiNardo JA. Cardiopulmonary bypass in the pediatric population. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2015;29(2):241\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2015.03.006.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.12.015","volume":"145","author":"H Kurobe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kurobe H, Tominaga T, Sugano M, Hayabuchi Y, Egawa Y, Takahama Y, et al. Complete but not partial thymectomy in early infancy reduces T-cell-mediated immune response: three-year tracing study after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145(3):656\u201362 662 e651\u2013652; discussion 662.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1342_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000028806","volume":"30","author":"SE Davis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Davis SE, Levy ML, McComb JG, Masri-Lavine L. Does age or other factors influence the incidence of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections? Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999;30(5):253\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000028806.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.1.0029","volume":"77","author":"IK Pople","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pople IK, Bayston R, Hayward RD. Infection of cerebrospinal fluid shunts in infants: a study of etiological factors. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1992.77.1.0029.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00052.x","volume":"6","author":"N Bruinsma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bruinsma N, Stobberingh EE, Herpers MJ, Vles JS, Weber BJ, Gavilanes DA. Subcutaneous ventricular catheter reservoir and ventriculoperitoneal drain-related infections in preterm infants and young children. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6(4):202\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00052.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.PEDS08215","volume":"4","author":"TD Simon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simon TD, Hall M, Riva-Cambrin J, Albert JE, Jeffries HE, Lafleur B, et al. Infection rates following initial cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement across pediatric hospitals in the United States. Clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;4(2):156\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.3.PEDS08215.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.10.PEDS11307","volume":"9","author":"T Simon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simon T, Whitlock K, Riva-Cambrin J, Kestle J, Rosenfeld M, Dean J. Association of intraventricular hemorrhage secondary to prematurity with cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery in the first year following initial shunt placement. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;9(1):54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.10.PEDS11307.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1342_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000120738","volume":"19","author":"J Piatt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Piatt J, Carlson C. A search for determinants of cerebro spinal fluid shunt survival: retrospective analysis of a 14-year institutional experience. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1993;19(5):233\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000120738.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1342_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.013","volume":"164","author":"TD Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon TD, Butler J, Whitlock KB, Browd SR, Holubkov R, Kestle JRW, et al. Risk factors for first cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: findings from a multi-center prospective cohort study. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1462\u20131468.e1462.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0031","volume":"92","author":"S Tuli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tuli S, Drake J, Lawless J, Wigg M, Lamberti-Pasculli M. Risk factors for repeated cerebrospinal shunt failures in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(1):31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0031.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9285","key":"1342_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06071-8","volume":"358","author":"AC Melling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, Leaper DJ. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;358(9285):876\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1342_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420303","volume":"342","author":"R Greif","year":"2000","unstructured":"Greif R, Akca O, Horn EP, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Outcomes Research G. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):161\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200001203420303.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.4.332","volume":"69","author":"BW Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo BW, Sim JB, Shin HJ, Kim DW, Kang SB, Do SH, et al. Surgical site infection after colorectal surgery according to the main anesthetic agent: a retrospective comparison between volatile anesthetics and propofol. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2016;69(4):332\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.4.332.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001403","volume":"123","author":"K Yuki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuki K, Eckenhoff RG. Mechanisms of the immunological effects of volatile anesthetics: a review. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(2):326\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001403.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1342_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/1871529X15666150108114810","volume":"15","author":"K Yuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuki K, Murakami N. Sepsis pathophysiology and anesthetic consideration. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;15(1):57\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871529X15666150108114810.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060415","volume":"8","author":"K Yuki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuki K, Bu W, Shimaoka M, Eckenhoff R. Volatile anesthetics, not intravenous anesthetic propofol bind to and attenuate the activation of platelet receptor integrin alphaIIbbeta3. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0060415.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"1342_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-212746","volume":"26","author":"K Yuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yuki K, Bu W, Xi J, Sen M, Shimaoka M, Eckenhoff RG. Isoflurane binds and stabilizes a closed conformation of the leukocyte function-associated antigen-1. FASEB J. 2012;26(11):4408\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.12-212746.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"1342_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.12.007","volume":"266","author":"K Tazawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tazawa K, Koutsogiannaki S, Chamberlain M, Yuki K. The effect of different anesthetics on tumor cytotoxicity by natural killer cells. Toxicol Lett. 2017;266:23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.12.007.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-012-1508-1","volume":"27","author":"C Carbo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carbo C, Yuki K, Demers M, Wagner DD, Shimaoka M. Isoflurane inhibits neutrophil recruitment in the cutaneous Arthus reaction model. J Anesth. 2013;27(2):261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-012-1508-1.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a00ae0","volume":"117","author":"K Yuki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuki K, Bu W, Xi J, Shimaoka M, Eckenhoff R. Propofol shares the binding site with isoflurane and sevoflurane on leukocyte function-associated antigen-1. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(4):803\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a00ae0.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1342_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31820dcabb","volume":"112","author":"K Yuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuki K, Soriano SG, Shimaoka M. Sedative drug modulates T-cell and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 function. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(4):830\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31820dcabb.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1342_CR45","first-page":"402","volume":"156","author":"S Koutsogiannaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koutsogiannaki S, Schaefers MM, Okuno T, Ohba M, Yokomizo T, Priebe GP, et al. From the cover: prolonged exposure to volatile anesthetic Isoflurane worsens the outcome of Polymicrobial abdominal Sepsis. Toxicol Sci. 2017;156(2):402\u201311.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1342_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.10.015","volume":"259","author":"M Shibamura-Fujiogi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shibamura-Fujiogi M, Ormsby J, Breibart M, Zalieckas J, Sandora TJ, Priebe GP, et al. The role of anesthetic Management in Surgical Site Infections after Pediatric Intestinal Surgery. J Surg Res. 2021;259:546\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2020.10.015.","journal-title":"J Surg Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"1342_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01527.x","volume":"87","author":"M Mancao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mancao M, Miller C, Cochrane B, Hoff C, Sauter K, Weber E. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in infants and children in Mobile, Alabama. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87(6):667\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1342_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy035","volume":"8","author":"TD Simon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simon TD, Kronman MP, Whitlock KB, Browd SR, Holubkov R, Kestle JRW, et al. Patient and treatment characteristics by infecting organism in cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2019;8(3):235\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piy035.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1342_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS14908","volume":"122","author":"AA Konstantelias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Konstantelias AA, Vardakas KZ, Polyzos KA, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Antimicrobial-impregnated and -coated shunt catheters for prevention of infections in patients with hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(5):1096\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.12.JNS14908.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01342-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01342-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01342-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T03:04:43Z","timestamp":1618974283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01342-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01342-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-145947\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"Our study was approved by our institutional review board. Informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The institutional review provided us the consent to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We do not have any conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"124"}}