{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:33:11Z","timestamp":1780421591640,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulmonary aspiration is one of the most important complications of obstetric anesthesia. Prevention of pulmonary aspiration is commonly performed by the application of different anesthetic maneuvers and administration of drugs. This study aimed to assess the non-physician anesthetic providers current practice of aspiration prophylaxis during anesthesia for cesarean section in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This survey study was conducted from October 01 to November 05, 2020, on a total of 490 anesthetic providers working in hospitals in Ethiopia. A structured checklist was used to collect data from non-physician anesthetic providers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hundred and ninety (490) anesthetic providers participated in our study. The majority of the respondents (84%) were working in the public sector. Most of the cesarean delivery was done under regional anesthesia and more than half of anesthetic providers in Ethiopia administered aspiration prophylaxis routinely. Metoclopramide was the most frequently given as a prophylaxis for pulmonary aspiration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than half of the anesthetic providers administered aspiration prophylaxis routinely. Metoclopramide was the commonest administered aspiration prophylaxis for parturients who underwent cesarean delivery to prevent aspiration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01478-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T12:02:54Z","timestamp":1635249774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The current practice of aspiration prophylaxis in obstetric anesthesia: a survey among non-physician anesthetic providers working in hospitals in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Metages","family":"Hunie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efrem","family":"Fenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simegnew","family":"Kibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diriba","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021507000014","volume":"24","author":"P Uhar\u010dek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uhar\u010dek P, Mlyn\u010dek M, Uhar\u010dekov\u00e1 P, Pretiov\u00e1 L. Anaesthesia for caesarean section and acid aspiration prophylaxis: a survey of Slovak obstetric departments. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24(8):724\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000572","volume":"120","author":"P Stourac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stourac P, Blaha J, Klozova R, Noskova P, Seidlova D, Brozova L, et al. Anesthesia for cesarean delivery in the Czech Republic: a 2011 national survey. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(6):1303\u20138.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"10","key":"1478_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001063","volume":"36","author":"P Stourac","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stourac P, Kosinova M, Blaha J, Grochova M, Klozova R, Noskova P, et al. Changes in caesarean section anaesthesia between 2011 and 2015: Czech and Slovak national surveys. Eur J Anaesthesiology| EJA. 2019;36(10):801\u20133.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiology| EJA"},{"key":"1478_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S41410","volume":"6","author":"XL Feng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng XL, Wang Y, An L, Ronsmans C. Cesarean section in the People\u2019s republic of China: current perspectives. Int J Women's Health. 2014;6:59.","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"key":"1478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-020-00236-8","volume":"14","author":"G Gedefaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gedefaw G, Demis A, Alemnew B, Wondmieneh A, Getie A, Waltengus F. Prevalence, indications, and outcomes of caesarean section deliveries in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Saf Surg. 2020;14:11.","journal-title":"Patient Saf Surg"},{"key":"1478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102520","volume":"67","author":"MG Taye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taye MG, Nega F, Belay MH, Kibret S, Fentie Y, Addis WD, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with caesarean section in a comprehensive specialized hospital of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study; 2020. Ann Med Surg (2012). 2021;67:102520.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (2012)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1478_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13526","volume":"123","author":"AP Betran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Betran AP, Torloni MR, Zhang JJ, G\u00fclmezoglu AM. WHO statement on caesarean section rates. BJOG. 2016;123(5):667\u201370.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"1478_CR8","first-page":"264","volume":"7","author":"T Tesfaye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tesfaye T, Hailu D, Mekonnen N, et al. Magnitude of maternal complication and associated factors among mothers undergone cesarean section at Yirgalem general hospital, SNNPR. Ethiopia Int J Health Sci Res. 2017;7(5):264\u201372.","journal-title":"Ethiopia. Int J Health Sci Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"1478_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0114-8","volume":"13","author":"FE Abebe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abebe FE, Gebeyehu AW, Kidane AN, Eyassu GA. Factors leading to cesarean section delivery at Felegehiwot referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective record review. Reprod Health. 2015;13(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1478_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6148.1000335","volume":"4","author":"Z Abdissa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdissa Z, Awoke T, Belayneh T, Tefera Y. Birth outcome after caesarean section among mothers who delivered by caesarean section under general and spinal anesthesia at Gondar University teaching hospital north-West Ethiopia. J Anesth Clin Res. 2013;4(7):4\u20138.","journal-title":"J Anesth Clin Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000011","volume":"122","author":"WF Rayburn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rayburn WF, Strunk AL. Profiles about practice settings of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists fellows. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(6):1295\u20138.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1478_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07782.x","volume":"51","author":"J Stuart","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stuart J, Kan A, Rowbottom S, Yau G, Gin T. Acid aspiration prophylaxis for emergency caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 1996;51(5):415\u201321.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1478_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002182","volume":"129","author":"G Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim G, Facco FL, Nathan N, Waters JH, Wong CA, Eltzschig HK. A review of the impact of obstetric anesthesia on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2018;129(1):192\u2013215.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1478_CR14","first-page":"320","volume":"97","author":"MS Avidan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Avidan MS, Groves P, Blott M, Welch J, Leung T, Pozniak A, et al. Low complication rate associated with cesarean section under spinal anesthesia for HIV-1\u2013infected women on antiretroviral therapy. J Am Soc Anesthesiologists. 2002;97(2):320\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Anesthesiologists"},{"issue":"1","key":"1478_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.92895","volume":"4","author":"LS Machado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Machado LS. Cesarean section in morbidly obese parturients: practical implications and complications. N Am J Med Sci. 2012;4(1):13.","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1478_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200701000-00002","volume":"56","author":"DC Simonson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simonson DC, Ahern MM, Hendryx MS. Anesthesia staffing and anesthetic complications during cesarean delivery: a retrospective analysis. Nurs Res. 2007;56(1):9\u201317.","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181d7e33c","volume":"110","author":"DG de Souza","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Souza DG, Doar LH, Mehta SH, Tiouririne M. Aspiration prophylaxis and rapid sequence induction for elective cesarean delivery: time to reassess old dogma? Anesth Analg. 2010;110(5):1503\u20135.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1478_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001489","volume":"126","author":"MR Salem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salem MR, Khorasani A, Zeidan A, Crystal GJ. Cricoid pressure controversies: narrative review. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(4):738\u201352.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1478_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004360","volume":"132","author":"M Zdravkovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zdravkovic M, Rice MJ, Brull SJ. The clinical use of cricoid pressure: first, do no harm. Anesth Analg. 2020;132(1):261\u20137.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1478_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001194","volume":"37","author":"J Klucka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klucka J, Kosinova M, Zacharowski K, De Hert S, Kratochvil M, Toukalkova M, et al. Rapid sequence induction: An international survey. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020;37(6):435.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"1478_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000935","volume":"124","author":"Anesthesia PGfO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anesthesia PGfO. An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on obstetric anesthesia and the society for obstetric anesthesia and perinatology. Anesthesiology. 2016;124:270\u2013300.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X7700500304","volume":"5","author":"A Newson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Newson A. The effectiveness and duration of preoperative antacid therapy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1977;5(3):214\u20137.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1478_CR23","first-page":"87","volume":"21","author":"JM Shaikh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shaikh JM, Sabbar S, Aziz N, Shaikh NB, Akhund T. Acid aspiration prophylaxis during anaesthesia for caesarean section: a survey among anaesthetists at Hyderabad. J Ayub Med College Abbottabad. 2009;21(4):87\u20139.","journal-title":"J Ayub Med College Abbottabad"},{"issue":"7","key":"1478_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_735_20","volume":"64","author":"PA Dongare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dongare PA, Bhaskar SB, Harsoor S, Garg R, Kannan S, Goneppanavar U, et al. Perioperative fasting and feeding in adults, obstetric, paediatric and bariatric population: practice guidelines from the Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists. Indian J Anaesth. 2020;64(7):556.","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"1478_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14141","volume":"73","author":"L Maronge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maronge L, Bogod D. Complications in obstetric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2018;73:61\u20136.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"1478_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00132586-200004000-00011","volume":"44","author":"T Engelhardt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Engelhardt T, Webster N. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in anesthesia. Surv Anesthesiol. 2000;44(2):74.","journal-title":"Surv Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001452","volume":"126","author":"Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration","year":"2017","unstructured":"Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration. Application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(3):376\u201393.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1478_CR28","first-page":"45","volume":"14","author":"G Dattatraya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dattatraya G, Ullhas M. A comparative efficacy of conventional H 2 receptor blocker ranitidine and newer proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, pantoprazole and esomeprazole for improvement of gastric fluid property in adults undergoing elective surgery. IOSR-JDMS. 2015;14:45\u20138.","journal-title":"IOSR-JDMS"},{"issue":"4","key":"1478_CR29","first-page":"378","volume":"63","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"1985","unstructured":"Manchikanti L, Grow JB, Colliver JA, Hadley CH, Hohlbein LJ. Bicitra\u00ae(sodium citrate) and metoclopramide in outpatient anesthesia for prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis. J Am Soc Anesthesiologists. 1985;63(4):378\u201384.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Anesthesiologists"},{"issue":"5","key":"1478_CR30","first-page":"1360","volume":"97","author":"D Memis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B, Saral P, T\u00fcre M, Pamuk\u00e7u Z. The effect of intravenous pantoprazole and ranitidine for improving preoperative gastric fluid properties in adults undergoing elective surgery. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(5):1360\u20133.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1478_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13272.x","volume":"41","author":"S Pandit","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pandit S, Kothary S, Pandit UA, Mirakhur R. Premedication with cimetidine and metoclopramide: effect on the risk factors of acid aspiration. Anaesthesia. 1986;41(5):486\u201392.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"1478_CR32","first-page":"125","volume":"78","author":"KG Radwan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Radwan KG, Omar SH, Youssef MA, Farouk H, Kamal NM, Sabra ANA. Pre-operative intravenous co-Administration of Ranitidine and Metoclopramide: effect on gastric content in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Med J Cairo Univ. 2010;78(2):125\u201330.","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ."},{"issue":"6","key":"1478_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198406000-00008","volume":"63","author":"DR Solanki","year":"1984","unstructured":"Solanki DR, Suresh M, Ethridge HC. The effects of intravenous cimetidine and metoclopramide on gastric volume and pH. Anesth Analg. 1984;63(6):599\u2013602.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1478_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.10.014","volume":"38","author":"D Shatalin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shatalin D, Weiniger C, Buchman I, Ginosar Y, Orbach-Zinger S, Ioscovich A. A 10-year update: national survey questionnaire of obstetric anesthesia units in Israel. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;38:83\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1478_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5152\/TJAR.2014.80774","volume":"42","author":"M Aksoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dostbil A, \u00c7elik MG, Ah\u0131skal\u0131o\u011flu A. Anaesthesia techniques for caesarean operations: retrospective analysis of last decade. Turkish J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2014;42(3):128\u201332.","journal-title":"Turkish J Anaesthesiol Reanim"},{"issue":"4","key":"1478_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2005.04.011","volume":"14","author":"N Calthorpe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calthorpe N, Lewis M. Acid aspiration prophylaxis in labour: a survey of UK obstetric units. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2005;14(4):300\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"1478_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.05.008","volume":"36","author":"N Desai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Desai N, Wicker J, Sajayan A, Mendonca C. A survey of practice of rapid sequence induction for caesarean section in England. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2018;36:3\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1478_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9802600111","volume":"26","author":"M Kluger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kluger M, Willemsen G. Anti-aspiration prophylaxis in New Zealand: a national survey. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1998;26(1):70\u20137.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01478-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01478-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01478-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T19:23:51Z","timestamp":1699730631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01478-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-021-01478-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work have been performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and ethical clearance was obtained from Debre Tabor University College of health sciences Ethical Review Committee. Written informed consent was secured from each study participant. Confidentiality was assured throughout the research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors of this study declared that as there were no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"256"}}