{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T13:18:25Z","timestamp":1786195105041,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Endotracheal tube with an inflated cuff was used to manage and maintain the airway during general anesthesia in children. When the lateral pressure exerted by an inflated Endotracheal tube cuff on tracheal mucosa exceeds capillary perfusion pressure, patients may complain of cough, sore throat, and hoarseness in the postoperative period. This study aimed to assess the effect of a tracheal tube cuff filled with alkalinized lidocaine versus air on hemodynamic parameter changes during extubation and post-operative airway morbidity in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Institutional based observational prospective cohort study was conducted among 56 elective children; aged 3\u201313 years, who underwent operation under general anesthesia with cuffed endotracheal intubation for greater than one hour by grouping into the air (group1) and alkalinized Lidocaine (group2) at Tikur Anbessa specialized Hospital. Hemodynamic parameters (Heart rate and Blood pressure) and other variables were measured starting from 5\u00a0min before extubation to 24th hours after extubation of the endotracheal tube. A Comparison of numerical variables between study group was done with an independent t-test. Data were expressed in terms of mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation. Categorical data were assessed by Chi-square tests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Postoperative Sore throat was lower in alkalinized lidocaine group compared to the air group. The mean heart rate at five minutes after extubation was significantly lower in alkalinized lidocaine group (107.29\u2009\u00b1\u20096.457 beat per minute (bpm)) compared to the air group (122.04\u2009\u00b1\u20098.809\u00a0bpm), with P\u2009\u2264\u20090.001. Systolic blood pressure was also significantly lower in alkalinized lidocaine group (99.64\u2009\u00b1\u20098.434 millimeters of mercury (mmHg)) compared to the air group (108.21\u2009\u00b1\u200911.902 mmHg), p\u2009=\u20090.016 at five minutes after extubation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Alkalinized lidocaine inflated tracheal tubes have shown improved hemodynamic and laryngotracheal morbidities in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01868-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T07:04:05Z","timestamp":1667545445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of tracheal tube cuff inflation with alkalinized lidocaine versus air on hemodynamic responses during extubation and post-operative airway morbidities in children: prospective observational cohort study, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Biniam","family":"Assefa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirbo","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fissiha","family":"Fentie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tenbite","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assefa","family":"Hika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bacha","family":"Aberra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belete","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1868_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE, Keller C, Gerber AC. European Paediatric Endotracheal Intubation Study Group. Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. British journal of anaesthesia. 2009 Dec 1;103(6):867 \u2013 73.","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep290"},{"key":"1868_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litman RS, Maxwell LG. Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric anesthesia: the debate should finally end. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2013 Mar 1;118(3):500-1.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318282cc8f"},{"issue":"2","key":"1868_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01709.x","volume":"16","author":"T Engelhardt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Engelhardt T, Johnston G, Kumar MM. Comparison of cuffed, uncuffed tracheal tubes and laryngeal mask airways in low flow pressure controlled ventilation in children. Pediatr Anesth. 2006 Feb;16(2):140\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"1868_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02261.x","volume":"54","author":"S Eschertzhuber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eschertzhuber S, Salgo B, Schmitz A, Roth W, Frotzler A, Keller CH, Gerber AC, Weiss M. Cuffed endotracheal tubes in children reduce sevoflurane and medical gas consumption and related costs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010 Aug;54(7):855\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"1868_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khine HH, Corddry DH, Kettrick RG, Martin TM, McCloskey JJ, Rose JB, Theroux MC, Zagnoev M. Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in young children during general anesthesia. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1997 Mar 1;86(3):627 \u2013 31.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199703000-00015"},{"key":"1868_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31801999000600004","volume":"117","author":"JR Braz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Braz JR, Navarro LH, Takata IH, Nascimento J\u00fanior P. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure: need for precise measurement. Sao Paulo Med J. 1999;117:243\u20137.","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1868_CR7","first-page":"90","volume":"11","author":"S Medalha","year":"1999","unstructured":"Medalha S, Oliveira LC, Godoy I. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da press\u00e3o no balonete das c\u00e2nulas endotraqueais e de traqueostomia em pacientes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Rev Bras Terap Intensiva. 1999;11(3):90\u20133.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Terap Intensiva"},{"key":"1868_CR8","unstructured":"Spittle CS, Beavis SE. Do you measure tracheal cuff pressure? A survey of clinical practice. InBritish Journal of Anaesthesia 2001 Aug 1 (Vol.\u00a087, No. 2, pp.\u00a0344P-345P). GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND: OXFORD UNIV PRESS."},{"issue":"3","key":"1868_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.2404_3.x","volume":"57","author":"D Vyas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vyas D, Inweregbu K, Pittard A. Measurement of tracheal tube cuff pressure in critical care. Anaesthesia. 2002 Mar;57(3):275\u20137.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"1868_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez RA, Blanch LL, Mancebo JO, Bonsoms NA, Artigas AN. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure assessment: pitfalls of finger estimation and need for objective measurement. Critical care medicine. 1990 Dec 1;18(12):1423-6.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199012000-00023"},{"key":"1868_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LOESER EA, EA L, DL O, GM B. TH S. ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE CUFF DESIGN AND POSTOPERATOIRE SORE THROAT. 1976.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197612000-00023"},{"key":"1868_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltani HA, Aghadavoudi O. The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat. Journal of clinical anesthesia. 2002 Feb 1;14(1):15 \u2013 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(01)00344-0"},{"key":"1868_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeser EA, Hodges MI, Gliedman JE, Stanley TH, Johansen RK, Yonetani DE. Tracheal pathology following short-term intubation with low-and high-pressure endotracheal tube cuffs. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1978 Sep 1;57(5):577-9.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197809000-00013"},{"key":"1868_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802007000600004","volume":"125","author":"LHC Navarro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Navarro LHC, Braz JRC, Lima NG, Silva RM, M\u00f3dolo FP. NSP. Effectiveness and safety of endotracheal tube cuffs filled with air versus filled with alkalinized lidocaine: a randomized clinical trial. Sao Paulo Med J. 2007;125:322\u20138.","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"1868_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam F, Lin YC, Tsai HC, Chen TL, Tam KW, Chen CY. Effect of intracuff lidocaine on postoperative sore throat and the emergence phenomenon: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 19;10(8): e0136184.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136184"},{"issue":"2","key":"1868_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2009.02166.x","volume":"54","author":"M Jaensson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaensson M, Olowsson LL, Nilsson U. Endotracheal tube size and sore throat following surgery: a randomized-controlled study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010 Feb;54(2):147\u201353.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"1868_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beebe DS. Complications of tracheal intubation. InSeminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain 2001 Sep 1 (Vol.\u00a020, No. 3, pp.\u00a0166\u2013172). WB Saunders.","DOI":"10.1053\/sane.2001.25869"},{"key":"1868_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang YS, Hung NK, Lee MS, Kuo CP, Yu JC, Huang GS, Cherng CH, Wong CS, Chu CH, Wu CT. The effectiveness of benzydamine hydrochloride spraying on the endotracheal tube cuff or oral mucosa for postoperative sore throat. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2010 Oct 1;111(4):887 \u2013 91.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181e6d82a"},{"key":"1868_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yukioka H, Hayashi M, Terai T, Fujimori M. Intravenous lidocaine as a suppressant of coughing during tracheal intubation in elderly patients. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1993 Aug 1;77(2):309 \u2013 12.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199308000-00016"},{"issue":"7","key":"1868_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-016-0652-8","volume":"63","author":"H Souissi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Souissi H, Fr\u00e9chette Y, Murza A, Masse MH, Marsault \u00c9, Sarret P, D\u2019Aragon F, Parent AJ, Sansoucy Y. Intracuff 160\u00a0mg alkalinized lidocaine reduces cough upon emergence from N2O-free general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Can J Anesthesia\/Journal canadien d\u2019anesth\u00e9sie. 2016 Jul;63(7):862\u201370.","journal-title":"Can J Anesthesia\/Journal canadien d\u2019anesth\u00e9sie"},{"key":"1868_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minogue SC, Ralph J, Lampa MJ. Laryngotracheal topicalization with lidocaine before intubation decreases the incidence of coughing on emergence from general anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2004 Oct 1;99(4):1253-7.","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000132779.27085.52"},{"key":"1868_CR22","unstructured":"Chi ZH, Jun JI. Effects of using different dose of dexmedetomidine during tracheal extubation for patients with parotidectomy after general anesthesia. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology. 2016 Jun 25;25(3):368."},{"issue":"1","key":"1868_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-004-0278-9","volume":"19","author":"Y Inoue","year":"2005","unstructured":"Inoue Y, Koga K, Sata T, Shigematsu A. Effects of fentanyl on emergence characteristics from anesthesia in adult cervical spine surgery: a comparison of fentanyl-based and sevoflurane-based anesthesia. J Anesth. 2005 Feb;19(1):12\u20136.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"1868_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho HR, Kim HK, Baek SH, Jung KY. The effect of remifentanil infusion on coughing during emergence from general anesthesia with desflurane. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 2008 Dec 1;55(6):670-4.","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2008.55.6.670"},{"key":"1868_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Nakayama T, Nishimori M, Sato Y, Furuya H. Lidocaine fo r preventing postoperative sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004081. 2009.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004081.pub2"},{"issue":"859","key":"1868_CR26","first-page":"2","volume":"9","author":"B Wayu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wayu B, Germa B, Shitemaw T, Dendir G. A comparative study between transversus abdominis plane block and wound site local anesthesia infiltration for effective post-operative pain control for lower abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study, Ethiopia. J Anesth Clin Res. 2018;9(859):2.","journal-title":"J Anesth Clin Res"},{"key":"1868_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irwin RS. Complications of cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan 1;129(1):54S-8S.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.54S"},{"key":"1868_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares SM, Arantes VM, M\u00f3dolo MP, Dos Santos VJ, Vane LA, Navarro e Lima LH, Braz LG, do Nascimento P Jr, M\u00f3dolo NS. The effects of tracheal tube cuffs filled with air, saline or alkalinised lidocaine on haemodynamic changes and laryngotracheal morbidity in children: a randomised, controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 2017 Apr;72(4):496\u2013503.","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13764"},{"issue":"2","key":"1868_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7243\/2049-9752-2-19","volume":"2","author":"M Rao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao M, Snigdha AT, Vijay K. Instillation of 4% lidocaine versus air in the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff to evaluate post intubation morbidity-a randomized double blind study. J Anesth Clin Sci. 2013;2(2):19.","journal-title":"J Anesth Clin Sci"},{"key":"1868_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behzadi M, Hajimohamadi F, Alagha AE, Abouzari M, Rashidi A. Endotracheal tube cuff lidocaine is not superior to intravenous lidocaine in short pediatric surgeries. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2010 May 1;74(5):486-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.01.025"},{"key":"1868_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shajar MA, Thompson JP, Hall AP, Leslie NA, Fox AJ. Effect of a remifentanil bolus dose on the cardiovascular response to emergence from anaesthesia and tracheal extubation. British journal of anaesthesia. 1999 Oct 1;83(4):654-6.","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/83.4.654"},{"key":"1868_CR32","unstructured":"Ahmady MS, Sadek S, Al-metwalli RR. Does intra-cuff alkalinized lidocaine prevent tracheal tube induced emergence phenomena in children?. Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care. 2019 Jan 30:18\u201321."},{"key":"1868_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estebe JP, Dollo G, Le Corre P, Le Naoures A, Chevanne F, Le Verge R, Ecoffey C. Alkalinization of intracuff lidocaine improves endotracheal tube-induced emergence phenomena. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2002 Jan 1;94(1):227 \u2013 30.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200201000-00044"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-022-01868-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-022-01868-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-022-01868-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T11:02:33Z","timestamp":1686740553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12871-022-01868-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-022-01868-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance and approval were obtained from the ethical review committee of the faculty of medicine, College of health sciences, Addis Ababa University; written informed consent was obtained from each study participant. All procedures were performed under the relevant guidelines and regulations that promote and ensure respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Trial registration"}}],"article-number":"337"}}