{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:07Z","timestamp":1787020147696,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis was designed to compare the safety and efficiency of remimazolam with those of propofol in patients undergoing gastroscope sedation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid, Wanfang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, SINOMED, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies that reported on remimazolam versus propofol for gastroscope sedation from establishment to February 25, 2023. The sedative efficiency and the incidence of adverse events were assessed as outcomes. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Review Manager 5.4 and STATA 17 were used to perform all statistical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 26 randomized controlled trials involving 3,641 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that remimazolam had a significantly lower incidence of respiratory depression (risk ratio [\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ]\u2009=\u20090.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28\u20130.57;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GRADE high), hypoxemia (\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.34, 95% CI: 0.23\u20130.49;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GRADE high), bradycardia (\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.34, 95% CI: 0.23\u20130.51;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GRADE high), dizziness (\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.45, 95% CI: 0.31\u20130.65;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GRADE high), injection site pain (\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06, 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.13;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GRADE high), nausea or vomiting (\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.79, 95% CI: 0.62\u20131.00;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05, GRADE moderate), and hypotension (\n                      <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.36, 95% CI: 0.26\u20130.48;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GRADE low).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Remimazolam can be used safely in gastroscopic sedation and reduces the incidence of respiratory depression, hypoxemia, bradycardia, injection site pain, and dizziness compared with propofol, and doesn't increase the incidence of nausea and vomiting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02422-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T03:02:53Z","timestamp":1706497373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The safety of remimazolam versus propofol in gastroscopic sedation: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xincan","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1795","volume":"171","author":"AN Barkun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, Laine L, Sung J, Tse F, et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171:805.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2422_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S186393","volume":"12","author":"F Abu Baker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu Baker F, Mari A, Amarney K, Hakeem AR, Ovadia B, Kopelman Y. Propofol sedation in colonoscopy: from satisfied patients to improved quality indicators. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019;12:105\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2019.07.604","volume":"29","author":"DN Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li DN, Zhao GQ, Su ZB. Propofol target-controlled infusion in anesthesia induction during painless gastroscopy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019;29:604\u20137.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"2422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.0c01290","volume":"61","author":"X Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan X, Zhang D, Mao S, Wang Q. Filling the gap in understanding the mechanism of GABAAR and Propofol using computational approaches. J Chem Inf Model. 2021;61:1889\u2013901.","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"2422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12713","volume":"69","author":"G Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar G, Stendall C, Mistry R, Gurusamy K, Walker D. A comparison of total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol with sevoflurane or desflurane in ambulatory surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2014;69:1138\u201350.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2021.57.5.3264119","volume":"57","author":"DM Paton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paton DM. Remimazolam: a short-acting benzodiazepine for procedural sedation. Drugs Today. 2021;57:337.","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"2422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000267503.85085.c0","volume":"107","author":"GJ Kilpatrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kilpatrick GJ, McIntyre MS, Cox RF, Stafford JA, Pacofsky GJ, Lovell GG, et al. CNS 7056. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:60\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15188","volume":"36","author":"SH Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen SH, Yuan TM, Zhang J, Bai H, Tian M, Pan CX, et al. Remimazolam tosilate in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority, phase III trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;36:474\u201381.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S339535","volume":"15","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X, Ding B, Shi F, Zhang Y, Liu L, Sha Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate versus etomidate-propofol in elderly outpatients undergoing colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, non-inferiority trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:4675\u201385.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2422_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000784","volume":"29","author":"NJ Pastis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pastis NJ, Hill NT, Yarmus LB, Schippers F, Imre M, Sohngen W, et al. Correlation of vital signs and depth of Sedation by Modified Observer\u2019s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (MOAA\/S) scale in bronchoscopy. J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol. 2022;29:54\u201361.","journal-title":"J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2422_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2422_CR12","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Eldridge SM, Li T. Chapter 23: Including variants on randomized trials. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2022."},{"key":"2422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2422_CR14","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Li T, Deeks JJ. Chapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2022."},{"key":"2422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2008.00986.x","volume":"14","author":"JPA Ioannidis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ioannidis JPA. Interpretation of tests of heterogeneity and bias in meta-analysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14:951\u20137.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"2422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:407\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1283\u201393.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014inconsistency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1294\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00051-2","volume":"18","author":"JM Pogue","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pogue JM, Yusuf S. Cumulating evidence from randomized trials: utilizing sequential monitoring boundaries for cumulative meta-analysis. Control Clin Trials. 1997;18:580\u201393.","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"2422_CR20","first-page":"576","volume":"41","author":"M Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo M, Wang MH, Zhang JY, Zhu Y, Ding YB, Deng B. Efficacy of remimazolam combined with remifentanil used for painless gastroscopy. Chin J Anesthesiol. 2021;41:576\u20139.","journal-title":"Chin J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01713-6","volume":"22","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo J, Qian Y, Zhang X, Han S, Shi Q, Xu J. Remimazolam tosilate compared with propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: a prospective, randomized and controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22:180.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2422_CR22","first-page":"21","volume":"28","author":"S Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo S, Liu XY, Zhao XY, Li B, He BB, Xu W, et al. Clinical observation of Remimazolam tosylate combined with low-dose propofol in painless gastroscopy. China J Endosc Chin. 2022;28:21\u20135.","journal-title":"China J Endosc Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR23","first-page":"2918","volume":"41","author":"CC Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi CC, Sun J, Zhang YF. Application of remimazolam in children during painless gastroscopy. J Clin Pathol Res Chin. 2021;41:2918\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol Res Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2022.09.014","volume":"44","author":"WY Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi WY, Cheng Y, He HY, Fang Q, Hu Y, Xu XP, et al. Efficacy and safety of the remimazolam-alfentanil combination for sedation during gastroscopy: a randomized, double-blind, single-center controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2022;44:1506\u201318.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2422_CR25","first-page":"1088","volume":"42","author":"YP Teng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teng YP, Li SY, Tian YJ, Liu Y, Wu LN, He JX, et al. Observation on the effects of combined use of nalbuphine and remimazolam for sedation during painless gastroscopy in elderly patients. World Clin DrugsChinese. 2021;42:1088\u201392.","journal-title":"World Clin DrugsChinese"},{"key":"2422_CR26","first-page":"2143","volume":"21","author":"J Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao J, Lou LL. Remimazolam and propofol combined with sufentanil respectively in patients undergoing painless gastroscopy. Chin Remedies Clin Chin. 2021;21:2143\u20134.","journal-title":"Chin Remedies Clin Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR27","first-page":"e936580","volume":"28","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y, Chi P, Zhou C, Lv W, Quan Z, Xue FS. Remimazolam tosilate sedation with adjuvant sufentanil in Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing gastroscopy: a randomized controlled study. Med Sci Monit. 2022;28:e936580.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2422_CR28","first-page":"944","volume":"19","author":"ML Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen ML, Hu CH, Zhang Y, Long DD. The anesthesia efficacy of remimazolam combined with sufentanil used for painless ultrasound gastroscopy. Drug Eval Chin. 2022;19:944\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Eval Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR29","first-page":"12","volume":"17","author":"XH Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng XH, Qi LJ, Qu CW, Yang ZZ, Zhao F. Comparison of sedative effects of remimazolam and propofol in painless gastroscopy in elderly patients. China Pract Med Chin. 2022;17:12\u20135.","journal-title":"China Pract Med Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR30","first-page":"275","volume":"38","author":"Q Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge Q, Zhao SL, Wang YW, Hui ZC, Qi XT. Effect of different doses of remimazolam on painless gastroscopy in elderly patients. J Clin Anesthesiol Chin. 2022;38:275\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesthesiol Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR31","first-page":"618","volume":"32","author":"J He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He J, Fu BJ, Ye YX, Xiang WY. Clinical utility of remimazolam for painless gastroscopy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Pharm Today Chin. 2022;32:618\u201322.","journal-title":"Pharm Today Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S391147","volume":"16","author":"B Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu B, Jiang K, Shi W, Xiao S, Zhang S, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of remimazolam tosilate on respiratory depression in elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy: a multicentered, prospective, and randomized study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022;16:4151\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2422_CR33","first-page":"35","volume":"7","author":"T Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia T, Wang HJ, Gu SQ, Li HP. Study on the effect of remimazolam compounded with remifentanil on the safety of painless gastroscopy. Dr Chin. 2022;7:35\u20138.","journal-title":"Dr Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR34","first-page":"744","volume":"36","author":"XX Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang XX, Wang ZY, Zhou JF, Xu C, Li L, Lv YQ. Application of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil in painless gastroscopy in obese patients. J Chin Pract Diagn Ther. 2022;36:744\u20136.","journal-title":"J Chin Pract Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2422_CR35","first-page":"76","volume":"34","author":"CY Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li CY, Chen ZY, Xu YL, Liu CY. Application of remimazolam combined with sufentanil in painless ultrasound gastroscopy. Strait Pharm J Chin. 2022;34:76\u20139.","journal-title":"Strait Pharm J Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR36","first-page":"93","volume":"23","author":"YH Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu YH. Effectiveness of remimazolam combined with alfentanil anesthesia for painless gastroscopy. BaoJian WenHui Chin. 2022;23:93\u20136.","journal-title":"BaoJian WenHui Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR37","first-page":"22","volume":"53","author":"SH Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu SH, Guo SH. Comparative study on the efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate and propofol in painless Ul-trasonic gastroscopy. Guangzhou Med J Chin. 2022;53:22\u20136.","journal-title":"Guangzhou Med J Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR38","first-page":"1057","volume":"38","author":"GS Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma GS, Chen XH, Cao HZ. Effects of remimazolam on the efficacy in elderly obese patients undergoing painless gastroscopy. J Clin Anesthesiol Chin. 2022;38:1057\u201360.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesthesiol Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15761","volume":"37","author":"YJ Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan YJ, Ouyang W, Tang YZ, Fang N, Fang C, Quan CX. Effect of remimazolam tosilate on early cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;37:576\u201383.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2422_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"2022","author":"C Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu C, He L, Ren J, Zhou J, Guo H, Chen N, et al. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil in painless gastroscopy: a randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled study. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2022;2022:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2422_CR41","first-page":"127","volume":"26","author":"TS Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang TS, Wang MH, Wang Q, Peng R, Liu HQ, Zhang JY. Feasibility of using remimazolam alone in painless gastroscopy. J Clin Med Pract Chin. 2022;26:127\u201330135.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Pract Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR42","first-page":"689","volume":"57","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, He L, Zhao EX, Li L, Li L, Lv WQ. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in elderly patients undergoing painless gastroscopy. J Zhengzhou Univ Med Sci Chin. 2022;57:689\u201393.","journal-title":"J Zhengzhou Univ Med Sci Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR43","first-page":"492","volume":"33","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ye G, Zhang L, Li S, Jiang J, Mu JY, et al. Clinical observation of remimazolom for painless gastroscopy sedation in outpatients. China Pharm Chin. 2022;33:492\u20136.","journal-title":"China Pharm Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR44","first-page":"68","volume":"42","author":"YX Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang YX, Liu FX, Wang MH, Guo M, Zhang JY. Efficacy of ideal body mass of remimazolam mesylate combined with remifentanil for painless gastroscopy. Her Med Chin. 2023;42:68\u201372.","journal-title":"Her Med Chin"},{"key":"2422_CR45","first-page":"173","volume":"32","author":"N Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang N, Wan MLZ, Wu J, Yang XL. Observasion on effect of remimazolam in painlss gastroscopy of elderly patients at high altitude. China J Phamacoeidemiol Chin. 2023;32:173\u20137.","journal-title":"China J Phamacoeidemiol Chin."},{"issue":"jul22 1","key":"2422_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","volume":"343","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JPA, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343(jul22 1):d4002-4002.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2422_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i4.433","volume":"26","author":"J-L Teh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teh J-L, Shabbir A, Yuen S, So JB-Y. Recent advances in diagnostic upper endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26:433\u201347.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2422_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.22297","volume":"75","author":"S-H Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim S-H, Fechner J. Remimazolam \u2013 current knowledge on a new intravenous benzodiazepine anesthetic agent. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2022;75:307\u201315.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2422_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.12.015","volume":"33","author":"MF Dogan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dogan MF, Arslan SO, Yildiz O, Kurtoglu M, Parlar A. Propofol-induced vasodilation in human internal mammary artery: role of potassium channels. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33:2183\u201391.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2422_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab080","volume":"73","author":"H Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie H, Lu F, Liu W, Wang E, Wang L, Zhong M. Remimazolam alleviates neuropathic pain via regulating bradykinin receptor B1 and autophagy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2021;73:1643\u201351.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"2422_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmab084","volume":"53","author":"J Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang J, Jiao Y, Gao P, Yin W, Zhou W, Zhang Y, et al. Propofol differentially induces unconsciousness and respiratory depression through distinct interactions between GABAA receptor and GABAergic neuron in corresponding nuclei. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2021;53:1076\u201387.","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin"},{"key":"2422_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S334100","volume":"15","author":"X Guan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guan X, Jiao Z, Gong X, Cao H, Liu S, Lan H, et al. Efficacy of pre-treatment with remimazolam on prevention of propofol-induced injection pain in patients undergoing abortion or curettage: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:4551\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2422_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2021.1919084","volume":"14","author":"E Bakhtiari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakhtiari E, Mousavi SH, Gharavi Fard M. Pharmacological control of pain during propofol injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021;14:889\u201399.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2422_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02889-x","volume":"76","author":"L Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji L, Sun W, Lan Y, Xia C, Yu G, Wu Q, et al. Dexmedetomidine for prevention of propofol injection pain upon induction of anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76:1103\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2422_CR55","first-page":"CD007874","volume":"2","author":"P Euasobhon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Euasobhon P, Dej-arkom S, Siriussawakul A, Muangman S, Sriraj W, Pattanittum P, et al. Lidocaine for reducing propofol-induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD007874.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2422_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d1110","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1110","volume":"342","author":"L Jalota","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jalota L, Kalira V, George E, Shi Y-Y, Hornuss C, Radke O, et al. Prevention of pain on injection of propofol: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1110.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2422_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2020.10.004","volume":"36","author":"G Mara\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mara\u015f G, Bulut H. Prevalence of nausea-vomiting and coping strategies in patients undergoing outpatient surgery. J Perianesth Nurs. 2021;36:487\u201391.","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"key":"2422_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001062","volume":"122","author":"EJ Ahn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahn EJ, Kang H, Choi GJ, Baek CW, Jung YH, Woo YC. The effectiveness of Midazolam for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:664\u201376.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2422_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.3338","volume":"157","author":"Z Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu Z, Zheng H, Chen Z, Xu S, Chen S, Mi W, et al. Effect of etomidate vs propofol for total intravenous anesthesia on major postoperative complications in older patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2022;157:888\u201395.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2422_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.110672","volume":"78","author":"E Kutlu Yalcin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kutlu Yalcin E, Kim D, Mao G, Rivas E, Markwei M, Chahar P, et al. Effect of intraoperative subhypnotic infusion of propofol on postoperative nausea and vomiting: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2022;78:110672.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2422_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000941","volume":"122","author":"MC Grant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grant MC, Kim J, Page AJ, Hobson D, Wick E, Wu CL. The effect of intravenous midazolam on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:656\u201363.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2422_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-021-03030-7","volume":"36","author":"K Shirozu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirozu K, Nobukuni K, Tsumura S, Imura K, Nakashima K, Takamori S, et al. Neurological sedative indicators during general anesthesia with remimazolam. J Anesth. 2022;36:194\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"2422_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s44254-023-00021-7","volume":"1","author":"JR Sneyd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sneyd JR. Remimazolam \u2013 current status, opportunities and challenges. Anesthesiol Perioper Sci. 2023;1:25.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Perioper Sci"},{"key":"2422_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1614","volume":"60","author":"F Schippers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schippers F, Pesic M, Saunders R, Borkett K, Searle S, Webster L, et al. Randomized crossover trial to compare abuse liability of intravenous remimazolam versus intravenous midazolam and placebo in recreational central nervous system depressant users. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60:1189\u201397.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2422_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s44254-023-00046-y","volume":"2","author":"M Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang M, Zhang Y. Propofol addiction: the mechanism issues we need to know. Anesthesiol Perioper Sci. 2024;2:6.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Perioper Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02422-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02422-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02422-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T15:03:07Z","timestamp":1706540587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02422-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02422-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023399639; Date: Feb 25, 2023). The study.protocol followed the PRISMA statement.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}