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Pressure, capnogram, oxygram were measured from hypopharyngeal catheter, VTe, and subject\u2019s comfort were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were close to F<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> at the PFR of 30 L\/min (CM), and 60 L\/min (HCM). FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during the OM and HOM were much less than F<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, variable and unpredictable. PFR of 60 L\/min was sufficient to keep FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> close to F<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during the CM and HCM. End-expiratory carbon dioxide (F<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) decreased with an increase in the PFR and F<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, reaching 1.4 (1.1\u20131.7)% at F<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> 100% and PFR of 80 L\/min. EEP had grown a lot with the PFR increase and were highly variable reaching 11.1 (7.7\u201314.8) cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O at the PFR of 80 L\/min. VTe at the PFR of 60 and 80 L\/min were 948.0 (715.0\u20131204.8) and 948.0 (869.0\u20131422.0) ml, respectively. PFR of 60 L\/min and 80 L\/min were associated with discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>HCM, OM, and HOM in healthy subjects decreased FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and F<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (more pronounced during OM and HOM). HFNC within the CM and HCM provided flow-dependent CPAP-effects over a wide range and could be associated with lung hyperinflation. An excessive PFR led to discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06189716?term=NCT06189716&amp;rank=1\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT06189716<\/jats:ext-link>, registered on 19\/12\/2023.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-03267-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T03:22:19Z","timestamp":1755919339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gas composition and pressure in the hypopharynx during high-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula in healthy volunteers with different breathing patterns"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey I.","family":"Yaroshetskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna P.","family":"Krasnoshchekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6219-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor D.","family":"Tkachenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9505-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina V.","family":"Rubashchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7425-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniil D.","family":"Zubarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliy D.","family":"Konanykhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim I.","family":"Savelenok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5596-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim M.","family":"Nosenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3174-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zamira M.","family":"Merzhoeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey N.","family":"Avdeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2871","volume":"148","author":"G Spoletini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spoletini G, Alotaibi M, Blasi F, Hill NS. 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