{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:08:32Z","timestamp":1793992112234,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-03465-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:23:35Z","timestamp":1763738615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A clinical prediction model for postoperative delirium following surgical treatment of femoral fractures in older adult patients: development and validation study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinye","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9920","key":"3465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in older adult people. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"3465_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0144","volume":"183","author":"ZJ Kunicki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kunicki ZJ, Ngo LH, Marcantonio ER, Tommet D, Feng Y, Fong TG, Schmitt EM, Travison TG, Jones RN, Inouye SK. Six-Year cognitive trajectory in older adults following major surgery and delirium. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(5):442\u201350.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5408","volume":"36","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu J, Yin Y, Jin M, Li B. The risk factors for postoperative delirium in adult patients after hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(1):3\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3465_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106854","volume":"105","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Huang X, Duan Y, Xiao Z. The impact of regional versus general anesthesia on postoperative neurocognitive outcomes in older adult patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2022;105:106854.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06806-y","volume":"24","author":"YJ Che","year":"2023","unstructured":"Che YJ, Qian Z, Chen Q, Chang R, Xie X, Hao YF. Effects of rehabilitation therapy based on exercise prescription on motor function and complications after hip fracture surgery in older adult patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):817.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3465_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.063","volume":"125","author":"Z Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Z, Hu J, Ma D. Postoperative delirium: perioperative assessment, risk reduction, and management. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(4):492\u2013504.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"3465_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14343","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14343","volume":"30","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Z, Hao Q, Sun R, Zhang Y, Fu H, Liu S, Luo C, Chen H, Zhang Y. Predictive value of the geriatric nutrition risk index for postoperative delirium in older adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024;30(2):e14343.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3465_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.04.031","volume":"131","author":"I Feinkohl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feinkohl I, Janke J, Slooter AJC, Winterer G, Spies C, Pischon T, BioCog C. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a multi-centre cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2023;131(2):338\u201347.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03903-5","volume":"18","author":"SL Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou SL, Zhang SY, Si HB, Shen B. Regional versus general anesthesia in older patients for hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):428.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02331-6","volume":"23","author":"F Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han F, Liu X, Huang H, Chu H, Feng W. Effect of preoperative sleep disorders on delirium in proximal femoral surgery patients aged 60 or older. BMC Anesthesiol. 2023;23(1):376.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"3465_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.01.024","volume":"56","author":"O Viramontes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viramontes O, Luan Erfe BM, Erfe JM, Brovman EY, Boehme J, Bader AM, Urman RD. Cognitive impairment and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review. J Clin Anesth. 2019;56:65\u201376.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"11","key":"3465_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000647","volume":"34","author":"S Glumac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glumac S, Kardum G, Sodic L, Supe-Domic D, Karanovic N. Effects of dexamethasone on early cognitive decline after cardiac surgery: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017;34(11):776\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"3465_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174429","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1174429","volume":"10","author":"L Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su L, Liu S, Long Y, Chen C, Chen K, Chen M, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Cui Y, Ding Q, et al. Chinese experts\u2019 consensus on the application of intensive care big data. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1174429.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"3465_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC49","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202010060","volume":"173","author":"MLP Mattison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattison MLP. Delirium. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(7):ITC49\u201364.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3465_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4823","volume":"33","author":"JR Maldonado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maldonado JR. Delirium pathophysiology: an updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(11):1428\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"3465_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","volume":"113","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(12):941\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3465_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000092","volume":"3","author":"DF Draxler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Draxler DF, Yep K, Hanafi G, Winton A, Daglas M, Ho H, Sashindranath M, Wutzlhofer LM, Forbes A, Goncalves I, et al. Tranexamic acid modulates the immune response and reduces postsurgical infection rates. Blood Adv. 2019;3(10):1598\u2013609.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"3465_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S284532","volume":"12","author":"K Hiramoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Matsuda K, Sugiyama D, Iizuka Y. Tranexamic acid improves memory and learning abilities in aging mice. J Exp Pharmacol. 2020;12:653\u201363.","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1745811","volume":"72","author":"N Hulde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hulde N, Zittermann A, Deutsch MA, Gummert JF, von Dossow V, Koster A. Tranexamic acid and the risk of delirium after Off-Pump surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2024;72(1):51\u20134.","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"18","key":"3465_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37931","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037931","volume":"103","author":"C Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye C, Shen J, Zhang C, Hu C. Impact of intraoperative Dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in older adult patients undergoing thoracolumbar compression fracture surgery: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(18):e37931.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3465_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005650","volume":"133","author":"L Verwijmeren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verwijmeren L, Bosma M, Vernooij LM, Linde EM, Dijkstra IM, Daeter EJ, Van Dongen EPA, Van Klei WA, Noordzij PG. Associations between preoperative biomarkers and cardiac Surgery-Associated acute kidney injury in older adult patients: A cohort study. Anesth Analg. 2021;133(3):570\u20137.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"3465_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951835","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.951835","volume":"9","author":"CM Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie CM, Yao YT, He LX, Yang K. Evidence in cardiovascular anesthesia G: Anti-inflammatory effect of Tranexamic acid on adult cardiac surgical patients: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg. 2022;9:951835.","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"3465_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109761","volume":"75","author":"B Heissig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heissig B, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Osada T, Hattori K. The multifaceted role of plasminogen in inflammation. Cell Signal. 2020;75:109761.","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"6","key":"3465_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-07-818211","volume":"133","author":"JP Luyendyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luyendyk JP, Schoenecker JG, Flick MJ. The multifaceted role of fibrinogen in tissue injury and inflammation. Blood. 2019;133(6):511\u201320.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0252","volume":"137","author":"KC Sihler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sihler KC, Napolitano LM. Complications of massive transfusion. Chest. 2010;137(1):209\u201320.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3465_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.008","volume":"61","author":"CT Esmon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esmon CT. Crosstalk between inflammation and thrombosis. Maturitas. 2008;61(1\u20132):122\u201331.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"5","key":"3465_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005760","volume":"134","author":"K Siemens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siemens K, Sangaran DP, Hunt BJ, Murdoch IA, Tibby SM. Antifibrinolytic drugs for the prevention of bleeding in pediatric cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2022;134(5):987\u20131001.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_84_19","volume":"24","author":"IIA El Baser","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Baser IIA, ElBendary HM, ElDerie A. The synergistic effect of Tranexamic acid and ethamsylate combination on blood loss in pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2021;24(1):17\u201323.","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003793","volume":"273","author":"M Heyns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heyns M, Knight P, Steve AK, Yeung JK. A single preoperative dose of Tranexamic acid reduces perioperative blood loss: A Meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;273(1):75\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3465_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.13138","volume":"24","author":"B Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou B, Yu DD, Xu X, Wang J, Li J. Association of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with the risk of postoperative delirium in older adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychogeriatrics. 2024;24(4):993\u20131003.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3465_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24553","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24553","volume":"36","author":"X Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su X, Wang J, Lu X. The association between Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte ratio and postoperative delirium in ICU patients in cardiac surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(7):e24553.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02908-2","volume":"20","author":"R He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He R, Wang F, Shen H, Zeng Y, LijuanZhang. Association between increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and postoperative delirium in older adult patients with total hip arthroplasty for hip fracture. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):496.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"3465_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3281","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3281","volume":"13","author":"X Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu X, Chi F, Wang B, Liu S, Wang F, Wang J, Tang X, Bi Y, Lin X, Li J. Relationship between preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and postoperative delirium: the PNDABLE and the PNDRFAP cohort studies. Brain Behav. 2023;13(12):e3281.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05192-x","volume":"24","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhang Y, Yao W, Tang W, Li Y, Sun H, Ding W. Association between preoperative persistent hyperglycemia and postoperative delirium in geriatric hip fracture patients. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):585.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3465_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh AR, Lee DY, Lee S, Lee JH, Yang K, Choi B, Park J. Association between preoperative glucose dysregulation and delirium after Non-Cardiac surgery. J Clin Med. 2024;13(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040932"},{"issue":"3","key":"3465_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230347","volume":"95","author":"J Bei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bei J, Miranda-Morales EG, Gan Q, Qiu Y, Husseinzadeh S, Liew JY, Chang Q, Krishnan B, Gaitas A, Yuan S, et al. Circulating exosomes from alzheimer\u2019s disease suppress vascular endothelial-Cadherin expression and induce barrier dysfunction in recipient brain microvascular endothelial cell. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;95(3):869\u201385.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3465_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147804","volume":"1780","author":"P Stoddart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stoddart P, Satchell SC, Ramnath R. Cerebral microvascular endothelial glycocalyx damage, its implications on the blood-brain barrier and a possible contributor to cognitive impairment. Brain Res. 2022;1780:147804.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3465_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176381","volume":"968","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Z, Hua W, Jin S, Wang Y, Pang Y, Wang B, Zhao N, Song Y, Qi J. Canagliflozin protects against hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular injury by preventing blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption via AMPK\/Sp1\/adenosine A2A receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024;968:176381.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3465_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13627","volume":"149","author":"AP John","year":"2024","unstructured":"John AP, Mya T, Haywood D. Cognitive deficits among people with schizophrenia and prediabetes or diabetes. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2024;149(1):65\u201376.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"22","key":"3465_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38349","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038349","volume":"103","author":"Y Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han Y, Ji B, Leng Y, Xie C. Inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor by intraoperative hyperglycemia increased postoperative delirium of aged patients: A review. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(22):e38349.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-025-03465-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-025-03465-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-025-03465-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:23:43Z","timestamp":1763738623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12871-025-03465-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-025-03465-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (Ethics Review No.: [PJ-KS-KY-2025-233]). Given the retrospective nature of this cohort study, all patient information was meticulously anonymized. The processing of patient data adhered strictly to medical ethics guidelines and privacy protection principles to ensure ethical compliance and data security throughout the research process.Regarding consent to participate, as the study utilized retrospectively collected data from the hospital\u2019s electronic medical record system and inpatient record system, and patient identities were fully anonymized, individual informed consent for participation was waived by the Ethics Committee. This approach was in line with ethical and legal requirements for research involving anonymized data. All procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and understood the publication terms, reviewed the final manuscript, and consent to its submission to this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"583"}}