{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1773929086825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-03671-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:35:19Z","timestamp":1770622519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-specific hemodynamic profiles during pediatric anesthesia induction: a prospective study using carotid artery auto doppler flow technology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuqing","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xien","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhouzhou","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozhu","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/S00134-014-3525-Z","volume":"40","author":"M Cecconi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European society of intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1795\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00134-014-3525-Z.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3671_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cannesson M, Pestel G, Ricks C, Hoeft A, Perel A. Hemodynamic monitoring and management in patients undergoing high risk surgery: A survey among North American and European anesthesiologists. Crit Care. 2011;15(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/CC10364.","DOI":"10.1186\/CC10364"},{"issue":"9","key":"3671_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_490_19","volume":"63","author":"D Saikia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saikia D, Mahanta B. Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology in children. Indian J Anaesth Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. 2019;63(9):690\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ija.IJA_490_19.","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications"},{"key":"3671_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Figaji AA. Anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults relevant to traumatic brain injury and the implications for clinical assessment and care. Front Neurol Frontiers Media S A. 2017;8(DEC). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00685.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00685"},{"key":"3671_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lilot M, Jacquet-Lagreze M, Dadure C. Hemodynamic optimization in pediatrics: it is time to grow up. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med Elsevier Masson S R L. 2023;42(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2023.101222.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2023.101222"},{"issue":"6","key":"3671_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006215","volume":"136","author":"Z Ricci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ricci Z, Iacobelli R, Romagnoli S. The gold standard of pediatric hemodynamic monitoring: not all that glitters is gold. Anesth Analg Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 2023;136(6):E26\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006215.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg Lippincott Williams Wilkins"},{"key":"3671_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh Y, Villaescusa JU, da Cruz EM, et al. Recommendations for hemodynamic monitoring for critically ill children\u2014expert consensus statement issued by the cardiovascular dynamics section of the European society of paediatric and neonatal intensive care (ESPNIC). Crit Care. 2020;24(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-020-03326-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03326-2"},{"issue":"11","key":"3671_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02720.x","volume":"18","author":"JJ Skowno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skowno JJ, Broadhead M. Cardiac output measurement in pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008;18(11):1019\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02720.x.","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"3671_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcc.jpcc_21_25","volume":"12","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar A, Joshi RK. Hemodynamic monitoring in pediatric cardiac critical care. Journal Pediatr Crit Care Wolters Kluwer Health Inc. 2025;12(3):125\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpcc.jpcc_21_25.","journal-title":"Journal Pediatr Crit Care Wolters Kluwer Health Inc"},{"key":"3671_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh Y, Brierley J. Hemodynamic monitoring in the PICU. In: ESPNIC children\u2019s intensive care textbook. Springer Nat Switz. 2025;217\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-64762-8_18.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64762-8_18"},{"issue":"1","key":"3671_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13104-021-05896-Y\/FIGURES\/2","volume":"15","author":"J\u00c9S Kenny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kenny J\u00c9S, Barjaktarevic I, Mackenzie DC, et al. Carotid artery velocity time integral and corrected flow time measured by a wearable doppler ultrasound detect stroke volume rise from simulated hemorrhage to transfusion. BMC Res Notes. 2022;15(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13104-021-05896-Y\/FIGURES\/2.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"5","key":"3671_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.16035-3","volume":"88","author":"R Pace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pace R, Lassola S, Miori S, Cammarota G, BarBariol F, Vetrugno L. Carotid vs. aortic velocity time integral and peak velocity to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. A comparative study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2022;88(5):352\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.16035-3.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3671_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181eeaae5","volume":"112","author":"MA Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton MA, Cecconi M, Rhodes A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1392\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181eeaae5.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"3671_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/2333709","volume":"52","author":"SS Shapiro","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shapiro SS, Wilk MB. An analysis of variance test for normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika. 1965;52(3\/4):591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2333709.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"5","key":"3671_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1460-9592","volume":"22","author":"A Joshi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joshi A, Lee S, Pawar D. An optimum time for intravenous cannulation after induction with Sevoflurane in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):445\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1460-9592. 2012.03803.X;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"3671_CR16","unstructured":"Dewhirst E, Lancaster C, Tobias JD. Hemodynamic changes following the administration of propofol to facilitate endotracheal intubation during sevoflurane anesthesia. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2012;6(1):26. Accessed December 18, 2025. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3515968\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"3671_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2044.1991.TB09781.X","volume":"46","author":"SM Short","year":"1991","unstructured":"Short SM, Aun CST. Haemodynamic effects of Propofol in children. Anaesthesia. 1991;46(9):783\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1365-2044.1991.TB09781.X.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"3671_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017405","volume":"10","author":"LM Harteveld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harteveld LM, Nederend I, Ten Harkel ADJ, et al. Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(4):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.017405.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"9770","key":"3671_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62226-X","volume":"377","author":"S Fleming","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fleming S, Thompson M, Stevens R, et al. Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies. Lancet. 2011;377(9770):1011\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62226-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"3671_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13195","DOI":"10.14814\/PHY2.13195","volume":"5","author":"GN Cattermole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cattermole GN, Leung PYM, Ho GYL, et al. The normal ranges of cardiovascular parameters measured using the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor. Physiol Rep. 2017;5(6):e13195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/PHY2.13195.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"3671_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1007\/S00246-012-0628-6","volume":"34","author":"C Pees","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pees C, Glagau E, Hauser J, Michel-Behnke I. Reference values of aortic flow velocity integral in 1193 healthy infants, children, and adolescents to quickly estimate cardiac stroke volume. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34(5):1194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00246-012-0628-6.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3671_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1111\/ECHO.14176","volume":"35","author":"A D\u00edaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00edaz A, Z\u00f3calo Y, Cabrera-Fischer E, Bia D. Reference intervals and percentile curve for left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), velocity time integral (VTI), and LVOT-VTI-derived hemodynamic parameters in healthy children and adolescents: analysis of echocardiographic methods association and agreement. Echocardiography. 2018;35(12):2014\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ECHO.14176.","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"issue":"10","key":"3671_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1034\/J.1399-6576.1999.431005.X","volume":"43","author":"N Gullberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gullberg N, Winberg P, Selld\u00e9n H. Changes in stroke volume cause change in cardiac output in neonates and infants when mean airway pressure is altered. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43(10):999\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/J.1399-6576.1999.431005.X.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"3671_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakanishi T, Jarmakani JM. Developmental changes in myocardial mechanical function and subcellular organelles. Am J Physiol. 1984;246(4 Pt 2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPHEART.1984.246.4.H615.","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPHEART.1984.246.4.H615"},{"issue":"7","key":"3671_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.7.1837","volume":"95","author":"G De Simone","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, et al. Stroke volume and cardiac output in normotensive children and adults. Assessment of relations with body size and impact of overweight. Circulation. 1997;95(7):1837\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.95.7.1837.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3671_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80282-7","volume":"19","author":"SD Colan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Colan SD, Parness IA, Spevak PJ, Sanders SP. Developmental modulation of myocardial mechanics: Age- and growth-related alterations in afterload and contractility. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(3):619\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80282-7.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3671_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EARLHUMDEV.2018.08.007","volume":"125","author":"N Phad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phad N, de Waal K, Jones M. Agreement and reliability of the velocity time integral method and the method of disks to determine stroke volume in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2018;125:31\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EARLHUMDEV.2018.08.007.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"3671_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0B013E3181E8ADEE","volume":"38","author":"GN Cattermole","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cattermole GN, Leung PYM, Mak PSK, Chan SSW, Graham CA, Rainer TH. The normal ranges of cardiovascular parameters in children measured using the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(9):1875\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0B013E3181E8ADEE.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3671_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.2","volume":"36","author":"KH Hsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsu KH, Wu TW, Wang YC, Lim WH, Lee CC, Lien R. Hemodynamic reference for neonates of different age and weight: A pilot study with electrical cardiometry. J Perinatol. 2016;36(6):481\u20135. .2016.2;TECHMETA=9;SUBJMETA=443,592,631;KWRD=CARDIOVASCULAR+BIOLOGY.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3671_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/S00431-002-1025-6","volume":"161","author":"H Senzaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Senzaki H, Akagi M, Hishi T, et al. Age-associated changes in arterial elastic properties in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2002;161(10):547\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00431-002-1025-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"3671_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/S40263-015-0259-6","volume":"29","author":"V Chidambaran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chidambaran V, Costandi A, D\u2019Mello A, PROPOFOL: A REVIEW OF, ITS ROLE IN PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA AND SEDATION. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(7):543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40263-015-0259-6.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"3671_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/S00424-002-0902-1","volume":"445","author":"JP Konhilas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Konhilas JP, Irving TC, De Tombe PP. Frank-Starling law of the heart and the cellular mechanisms of length-dependent activation. Pflugers Arch. 2002;445(3):305\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00424-002-0902-1.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"10","key":"3671_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009469","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PCBI.1009469","volume":"17","author":"S Kosta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kosta S, Dauby PC. Frank-Starling mechanism, fluid responsiveness, and length-dependent activation: unravelling the multiscale behaviors with an in Silico analysis. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021;17(10):e1009469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PCBI.1009469.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"3671_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430430","DOI":"10.3389\/FANES.2024.1430430","volume":"3","author":"F Escrib\u00e1 Alepuz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Escrib\u00e1 Alepuz F, D\u00edaz Ruz A, Jim\u00e9nez Santana JD, et al. Fluid responsiveness in pediatrics: an unsolved challenge. Front Anesthesiology. 2024;3:1430430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FANES.2024.1430430.","journal-title":"Front Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3671_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.12.001","volume":"70","author":"MV K\u00fcntscher","year":"2006","unstructured":"K\u00fcntscher MV, Germann G, Hartmann B. Correlations between cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure, intra-abdominal pressure and total Circulating blood volume in resuscitation of major burns. Resuscitation. 2006;70(1):37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.12.001.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3671_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BJ.2021.10.004","volume":"45","author":"EP Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee EP, Wu HP, Chan OW, Lin JJ, Hsia SH. Hemodynamic monitoring and management of pediatric septic shock. Biomed J. 2021;45(1):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BJ.2021.10.004.","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3671_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(95)00147-6","volume":"8","author":"AL Kovac","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kovac AL. Controlling the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth. 1996;8(1):63\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0952-8180(95)00147-6.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"3671_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E52","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002198","volume":"21","author":"SL Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-Associated organ dysfunction in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020;21(2):E52\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002198.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3671_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000927","volume":"33","author":"JJV Wijk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijk JJV, Weber F, Stolker RJ, Staals LM. Current state of noninvasive, continuous monitoring modalities in pediatric anesthesiology. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 2020;33(6):781\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000927.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol Lippincott Williams Wilkins"},{"key":"3671_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taniguchi T, Fujii T, Takakura M, Nishiwaki K. Evaluation of the Noninvasive Estimated Continuous Cardiac Output System for Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Anesth Analg. Published online 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007144","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007144"},{"key":"3671_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woodman HM, Lee C, Ahmed AN et al. Cardiac output monitoring in paediatric cardiac surgery: A review. Cardiol Young.Cambridge University Press. Preprint posted online January 1, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951120004680","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951120004680"},{"issue":"10","key":"3671_CR42","first-page":"1345","volume":"19","author":"J Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong J, Zhu XY, Wang S. Exploration of cadflow in non-invasive hemodynamic evaluation. Chin J Emerg Resusc Disaster Med. 2024;19(10):1345\u20138. in Chinese.","journal-title":"Chin J Emerg Resusc Disaster Med"},{"key":"3671_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao X, Wang S, Yuan W, Wu J, Li C. A new method to evaluate carotid blood flow by continuous doppler monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a Porcine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2024;195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.110092.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.110092"},{"issue":"5","key":"3671_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822b8629","volume":"113","author":"KP Mason","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mason KP, Lerman J. Dexmedetomidine in children: current knowledge and future applications. Anesth Analg Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 2011;113(5):1129\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822b8629.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg Lippincott Williams Wilkins"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03671-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03671-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03671-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:52:06Z","timestamp":1773917526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03671-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03671-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Medical University on October 9, 2023 (Approval No. [2023]252A01). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participants prior to enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"175"}}