{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:25:32Z","timestamp":1788553532803,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-03702-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:32:15Z","timestamp":1773275535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation of maternal cardiac output: colloid preload versus crystalloid coload during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Tolba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4954-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abaalkhayl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4571-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahaf Abdurhman","family":"Alkhuraif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7780-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afnan Fahad","family":"Alobaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3635-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawan Suliman","family":"Aldubayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narjes S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-012-9705-9","volume":"59","author":"C Loubert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loubert C. Fluid and vasopressor management for Cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: continuing professional development. Can J Anaesth. 2012;59(6):604\u201319.","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"3702_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182245af4","volume":"113","author":"FJ Mercier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mercier FJ. Fluid loading for cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: have we studied all the options? Anesth Analg. 2011;113(4):677\u201380.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3702_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000935","volume":"124","author":"-Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia. An updated report by the American society of anesthesiologists task force on obstetric anesthesia and the society for obstetric anesthesia and perinatology. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(2):270\u2013300.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3702_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822c0f08","volume":"113","author":"S McDonald","year":"2011","unstructured":"McDonald S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Columb M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(4):803\u201310.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"9","key":"3702_CR5","first-page":"1019","volume":"81","author":"J -Ripoll\u00e9s Melchor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ripoll\u00e9s Melchor J, Espinosa \u00c1, Mart\u00ednez Hurtado E, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in the prevention of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia in elective Cesarean section. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(9):1019\u201330.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3702_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199912000-00006","volume":"91","author":"H Ueyama","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ueyama H, He YL, Tanigami H, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(6):1571\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3702_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2014.06.006","volume":"23","author":"MM Tawfik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tawfik MM, Hayes SM, Jacoub FY, et al. Comparison between colloid preload and crystalloid co-load in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014;23(4):317\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"3702_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s005400200025","volume":"16","author":"T Yorozu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yorozu T, Morisaki H, Kondoh M, Zenfuku M, Shigematsu T. Comparative effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (containing 1% dextrose) and lactated Ringer\u2019s solution for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2002;16(3):203\u20136.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"3702_CR9","first-page":"592","volume":"53","author":"S Mitra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitra S, Khandelwal P. Are all colloids same? How to select the right colloid? Indian J Anaesth. 2009;53(5):592\u2013607.","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"issue":"22","key":"3702_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040232","volume":"350","author":"S Finfer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2247\u201356.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3702_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204242","volume":"367","author":"A -Perner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130\/0.42 versus ringer\u2019s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2):124\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3702_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.05.010","volume":"23","author":"LG -Rudski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American society of echocardiography endorsed by the European association of echocardiography, a registered branch of the European society of Cardiology, and the Canadian society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(7):685\u2013713. quiz 786-8.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3702_CR13","first-page":"325","volume":"35","author":"JM -Neal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neal JM, Brull R, Chan VW, et al. The ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and pain medicine: executive summary. Reg anesth pain Med. 2010 Mar-Apr;35(2 Suppl): S1-9. Erratum in. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35(2):325.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3702_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.09.009","volume":"28","author":"TR Porter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Porter TR, Shillcutt SK, Adams MS, et al. Guidelines for the use of echocardiography as a monitor for therapeutic intervention in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):40\u201356.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"3702_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007594.pub3","author":"TC Mutter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mutter TC, Ruth CA, Dart AB. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007594.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3702_CR16","first-page":"259","volume":"7","author":"P Caironi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Caironi P, Gattinoni L. The clinical use of albumin: the point of view of a specialist in intensive care. Blood Transfus. 2009;7(4):259\u201367.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"3702_CR17","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Hydroxyethyl-starch solutions (HES) should no longer be used in patients with sepsis or burn injuries or in critically ill patients. EMA\/809470\/2013. 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"3702_CR18","first-page":"234","volume":"74","author":"SC Robson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Robson SC, Boys RJ, Hunter S, Dunlop W. Maternal hemodynamics after normal delivery and delivery complicated by postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74(2):234\u20139.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3702_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07193.x","volume":"67","author":"AT Dennis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dennis AT, Castro J, Carr C, Simmons S, Permezel M, Royse C. Haemodynamics in women with untreated pre-eclampsia. Anaesthesia. 2012;67(10):1105\u201318.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3702_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1737-7","volume":"21","author":"P -Mercado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mercado P, Maizel J, Beyls C, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography: an accurate and precise method for estimating cardiac output in the critically ill patient. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):136.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"3702_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer515","volume":"108","author":"TE Woodcock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woodcock TE, Woodcock TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(3):384\u201394.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"3702_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003306","volume":"128","author":"MM Tawfik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tawfik MM, Tarbay AI, Elaidy AM, Awad KA, Ezz HM, Tolba MA. Combined colloid preload and crystalloid coload versus crystalloid coload during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2019;128(2):304\u201312.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3702_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh088","volume":"92","author":"WD Ngan Kee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92(4):469\u201374.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"3702_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei265","volume":"96","author":"S Saravanan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saravanan S, Kocarev M, Wilson RC, Watkins E, Columb MO, Lyons G. Equivalent dose of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention of post-spinal hypotension in Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(1):95\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03702-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03702-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03702-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:23:55Z","timestamp":1776669835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03702-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03702-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Prior to subject enrollment, the protocol was reviewed and approved by the Regional Research Ethics Committee, registered at the National Committee of BIO&MED. Ethics (NCBE) NO. H-04-Q-001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of health, Al-Qassim Region, and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06654687; principal investigator: Mohamed A. Tolba; date of registration: (October 22, 2024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"247"}}