{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:13:14Z","timestamp":1778152394597,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Health Science and Technology Project","award":["20241A011036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20241A011036"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515220048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515220048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Joint Funding Program of Academic Institutions and Enterprises for Basic and Applied Basic Research","award":["2025A03J4364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A03J4364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-03769-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T07:54:44Z","timestamp":1774770884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D models and simulations training improves TEE performance on pediatric patients with simple valvular congenital heart disease compared to traditional apprenticeship training: a clinical randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9965-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinxu","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5809-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianqi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xien","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaolong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3769_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman MS et al. Mar., Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017, Lancet Child Adolesc. Health, 2020;4(3):185\u2013200. doi: 10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30402-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30402-X"},{"key":"3769_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xing H. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2023, Chin JECC, 2024;22(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13498\/j.cnki.chin.j.ecc.2024.04.02.","DOI":"10.13498\/j.cnki.chin.j.ecc.2024.04.02"},{"key":"3769_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guzeltas A, et al. The significance of transesophageal echocardiography in assessing congenital heart disease: our experience: the significance of TEE in assessing CHD. Congenit Heart Dis. 2014;9(4):300\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/chd.12139.","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12139"},{"key":"3769_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsherbiny M, Abdelwahab Y, Nagy K, Mannaa A, Hassabelnaby Y. Role of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgery: an observational study, Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci., 2019;7(15):2480\u20132483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2019.712.","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.712"},{"key":"3769_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michel J, et al. Severe upper airway obstruction after intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in pediatric cardiac surgery: a retrospective analysis*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. Oct. 2017;18(10):924\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001252.","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001252"},{"key":"3769_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skinner H, Morgan-Hughes N, Swanevelder J, More R. II. Accreditation in transoesophageal echocardiography in the UK: the initial experience, Br. J. Anaesth., 2012;109(4):487\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aes322.","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes322"},{"key":"3769_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jelacic S, Bowdle A, Togashi K, VonHomeyer P. The use of TEE simulation in teaching basic echocardiography skills to senior anesthesiology residents, J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth., Aug. 2013;27(4):670\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jvca.2013.01.016.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2013.01.016"},{"key":"3769_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Okuda Y et al. Aug., The utility of simulation in medical education: what is the evidence? Mt. Sinai J. Med. J. Transl. Pers. Med., 2009;76(4):330\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/msj.20127.","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20127"},{"key":"3769_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reeves ST, et al. Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the american society of echocardiography and the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. May 2013;26(5):443\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2013.02.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.02.015"},{"key":"3769_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma V, Chamos C, Valencia O, Meineri M, Fletcher SN. The impact of internet and simulation-based training on transoesophageal echocardiography learning in anaesthetic trainees: a prospective randomised study. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(6):621\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anae.12261.","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12261"},{"key":"3769_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weber U, Zapletal B, Base E, Hambrusch M, Ristl R, Mora B. Resident performance in basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography: comparing 3 teaching methods in a randomized controlled trial. Med (Baltim). 2019;98(36):e17072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000017072.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017072"},{"key":"3769_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferrero NA, et al. Simulator training enhances resident performance in transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(1):149\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000063.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000063"},{"key":"3769_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pezel T et al. Mar., Effectiveness of simulation-based training on transesophageal echocardiography learning: the SIMULATOR randomized clinical trial, JAMA Cardiol., 2023;8(3):248\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.5016.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.5016"},{"key":"3769_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pezel T, et al. Simulation-based training in cardiology: state-of-the-art review from the french commission of simulation teaching (commission d\u2019enseignement par simulation\u2013COMSI) of the french society of cardiology. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;114(1):73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acvd.2020.10.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2020.10.004"},{"key":"3769_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su Y, Yuan D. A review regarding the article \u2018impact of simulation-based training on transesophageal echocardiography learning: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,\u2019 Curr. Probl. Cardiol., 2024;49()9:102717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102717.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102717"},{"key":"3769_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hahn RT et al. Sept., Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examination: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2013;26(9):921\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2013.07.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.07.009"},{"key":"3769_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldstein S, et al. Assessment of didactic transesophageal echocardiography education during anesthesia residency. J Educ Perioper Med. 2020;22(3):E644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46374\/volxxii-issue3-Goldstein.","DOI":"10.46374\/volxxii-issue3-Goldstein"},{"key":"3769_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bloch A et al. Oct., Impact of simulator-based training in focused transesophageal echocardiography: a randomized 1140\u20131148controlled trial, Anesth. Analg., 2017;125(4):1140\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002351.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002351"},{"key":"3769_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Puchalski MD et al. Feb., Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2019;32(2):173\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2018.08.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.08.016"},{"key":"3769_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stevenson JG. Incidence of complications in pediatric transesophageal echocardiography: experience in 1650 cases. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12(6):527\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0894-7317(99)70090-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(99)70090-8"},{"key":"3769_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Damp J, Anthony R, Davidson MA, Mendes L. Effects of transesophageal echocardiography simulator training on learning and performance in cardiovascular medicine fellows. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(12):1450\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2013.08.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.08.008"},{"key":"3769_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thampi S, et al. Ideal sequence of didactic lectures and simulation in teaching transesophageal echocardiography among anesthesiologists. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(5):1244\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.12.011.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.12.011"},{"key":"3769_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pezel T, et al. Rational and design of the SIMULATOR study: a multicentre randomized study to assess the impact of SIMULation-bAsed training on transoesophageal echocardiOgraphy leaRning for cardiology residents. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:661355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.661355.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.661355"},{"key":"3769_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sohmer B, Hudson C, Hudson J, Posner GD, Naik V. Transesophageal echocardiography simulation is an effective tool in teaching psychomotor skills to novice echocardiographers, Can. J. Anesth. Can. Anesth., 2014;61(3):235\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-013-0081-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-013-0081-x"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03769-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03769-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03769-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:41:23Z","timestamp":1778150483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03769-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03769-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was first approved by the Ethics committee of the Institutional Review Board of Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center (GWCMC)([2022]273A2025021300) on Oct30, 2022, however, due to the severe COVID situation and epidemic prevention policies, the project didn\u2019t make any progress. On February 13, 2025, we applied for an extension, and it was approved. The progress then registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (\n                      \n                      ; ChiCTR2500105325; principal investigator: Yingyi Xu) on July 02, 2025, and conducted from July 03, 2025 to August 07, 2025, in GWCMC, Guangzhou, China. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians on the day before surgery. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"285"}}