{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:58:18Z","timestamp":1781647098262,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Critically ill immunocompromised patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) may be particularly vulnerable to ventilator-associated events (VAE), yet the impact of baseline immunosuppression on VAE incidence remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of a cohort of adults requiring MV for \u22654 days in two ICUs of a tertiary hospital in Moscow, Russia. Using competing-risk regression, we compared the 30-day incidence of VAE between immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised patients. We then evaluated the association between VAE and 30-day ICU mortality among immunocompromised patients using Cox regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 269 patients, 122 (45.4%) had baseline immunosuppression. The incidence of any VAE was higher in immunocompromised patients, though the estimate was imprecise (adjusted subhazard ratio [aSHR] 1.64; 95% CI 0.82\u20133.30); for infection-related ventilator-associated complications (IVAC), the estimate suggested a more than twofold increased hazard, but with considerable uncertainty (aSHR 2.22; 95% CI 0.85\u20135.78). In patients with immunosuppression, IVAC were associated with increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 2.38; 95% CI 1.16\u20134.89).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite a higher estimated incidence of VAE in immunocompromised patients, we could not establish a clear association between baseline immunosuppression and VAE risk. IVAC were associated with increased mortality in immunocompromised patients, although this finding should be considered exploratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-03804-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:25:17Z","timestamp":1775568317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of immunosuppression on the incidence of ventilator-associated events: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4795-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Vladimirov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilia","family":"Klimenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Matiushkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Protsenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Sergeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3575OC","volume":"204","author":"G Dumas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dumas G, Lemiale V, Rathi N, et al. Survival in immunocompromised patients ultimately requiring invasive mechanical ventilation: a pooled individual patient data analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204(2):187\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202009-3575OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3804_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04932-0","volume":"28","author":"A MacPhail","year":"2024","unstructured":"MacPhail A, Dendle C, Slavin M, et al. Sepsis mortality among patients with haematological malignancy admitted to intensive care 2000\u20132022: a binational cohort study. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-024-04932-0.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3804_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020413","volume":"12","author":"L Kreitmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kreitmann L, Gaudet A, Nseir S. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. Antibiotics. 2023;12(2):413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020413.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"5","key":"3804_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.05.017","volume":"162","author":"JA Cuenca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cuenca JA, Manjappachar NK, Ram\u00edrez CM, et al. Outcomes and predictors of 28-day mortality in patients with solid tumors and septic shock defined by third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock criteria. Chest. 2022;162(5):1063\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.05.017.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"3804_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701656","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01656-2017","volume":"51","author":"AS Moreau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreau AS, Martin-Loeches I, Povoa P, et al. Impact of immunosuppression on incidence, aetiology and outcome of ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(3):1701656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01656-2017.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3804_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-025-01462-y","volume":"15","author":"LF Reyes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reyes LF, Sanabria-Herrera N, Nseir S, et al. Nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections in patients with immunosuppression: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2025;15(1):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-025-01462-y.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3804_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000001078","volume":"29","author":"PG Lyons","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyons PG, McEvoy CA, Hayes-Lattin B. Sepsis and acute respiratory failure in patients with cancer: how can we improve care and outcomes even further? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2023;29(5):472\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCC.0000000000001078.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3804_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03622-0","volume":"98","author":"M Kochanek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kochanek M, Schalk E, Von Bergwelt-Baildon M, et al. Management of sepsis in neutropenic cancer patients: 2018 guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) and Intensive Care Working Party (iCHOP) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). 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The original study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Kommunarka MMCC (Protocol \u21166, dated September 24, 2024). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective, anonymized nature of the data collection. For this secondary analysis of fully de-identified data, separate ethical approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"310"}}