{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T07:03:30Z","timestamp":1784358210968,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202140515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202140515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202140515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202140515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chinese Red Cross Foundation","award":["CRCF-YXFN-202201123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRCF-YXFN-202201123"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018543","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XZ2023ZR- ZY44 (Z)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ2023ZR- ZY44 (Z)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shigatse Science and Technology Bureau","award":["RKZ2024ZRLH-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RKZ2024ZRLH-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-03968-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:45:15Z","timestamp":1781513115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-flow nasal oxygen versus conventional nasal cannula for gastroscopy with sedation in elderly patients at high altitudes: a partially-blinded randomized controlled trial in Tibet, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jianlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningbo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Bianbawangdui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Tinley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaquan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Tashiyonten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3968_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S377237","volume":"16","author":"H Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song H, Wu MX, Li SY. Intravenous lidocaine significantly reduces the propofol dose in elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022;16:2695\u2013705.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3968_CR2","first-page":"304","volume":"138","author":"HC Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang HC, Sun ZX, Zhang HM. Remimazolam dosing for gastroscopy: a randomized noninferiority trial[J]. Anesthesiology. 2023;138(3):304\u201314.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3968_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.010","volume":"120","author":"T Renda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Renda T, Corrado A, Iskandar G, et al. High-flow nasal oxygen therapy in intensive care and anaesthesia[J]. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(1):18\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"3968_CR4","first-page":"68","volume":"47","author":"DL Grieco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grieco DL, Maggiore SM, Roca O. Non-invasive ventilatory support and high-flow nasal oxygen as first-line treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS[J]. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(1):68\u201383.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3968_CR5","first-page":"689","volume":"34","author":"WJ Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo WJ, Wang HT, Hu J. High flow nasal oxygen versus conventional oxygen therapy in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation: Systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis[J]. Dig Endosc. 2022;34(4):689\u2013700.","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"issue":"143","key":"3968_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160096","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0096-2016","volume":"26","author":"AM Luks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luks AM, Swenson ER, B\u00e4rtsch P. Acute high-altitude sickness[J]. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160096.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3968_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0298","volume":"146","author":"A De Ferrari","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Ferrari A, Miranda JJ, Gilman RH, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, iron status, and subject-specific traits for excessive erythrocytosis in Andean adults living permanently at 3,825 meters above sea level[J]. Chest. 2014;146(5):1327\u201336.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"3968_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2015.0084","volume":"17","author":"CH Miele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miele CH, Schwartz AR, Gilman RH. Increased cardiometabolic risk and worsening hypoxemia at high altitude[J]. High Alt Med Biol. 2016;17(2):126\u201333.","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3968_CR9","first-page":"243","volume":"20","author":"JP Richalet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Richalet JP, Hermand E, Lhuissier FJ. Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude[J]. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20(4):243\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3968_CR10","first-page":"157","volume":"18","author":"GA Silvestri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silvestri GA, Vincent BD, Wahidi MM. Fospropofol disodium for sedation in elderly patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy[J]. J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol. 2011;18(2):157\u201362.","journal-title":"J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3968_CR11","first-page":"896","volume":"21","author":"X Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin X, Xie W, Zhang JL. High-flow nasal oxygen versus conventional nasal cannula in preventing hypoxemia in elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy with sedation: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Int J Med Sci. 2024;21(4):896\u2013904.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3968_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.10.014","volume":"97","author":"YX Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li YX, Zhang XQ, Li LZ, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy and hypoxia during gastroscopy with propofol sedation: a randomized multicenter clinical trial[J]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2023;97(3):456\u201364.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3968_CR13","first-page":"496","volume":"107","author":"KP Mason","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mason KP, Green SM, Piacevoloni Q, et al. Adverse event reporting tool to standardize the reporting and tracking of adverse events during procedural sedation: a consensus document from the World SIVA International Sedation Task Force[J]. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(4):496\u2013503.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"36","key":"3968_CR14","first-page":"3362","volume":"39","author":"G Parati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parati G, Agostoni P, Basnyat B, et al. Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions[J]. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(36):3362\u201376.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3968_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil J, Rodr\u00edguez M, Tayeb K. Thin air resulting in high pressure: Mountain sickness and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension[J]. Can Respir J. 2017;2017: 9267193.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8381653"},{"key":"3968_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayechew G. Ethiopian native highlander\u2019s adaptation to chronic high-altitude hypoxia[J]. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022: 6723190.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5749382"},{"issue":"1","key":"3968_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icj004","volume":"46","author":"CM Beall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beall CM. Tibetan and Ethiopian patterns of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia[J]. Integr Comp Biol. 2006;46(1):18\u201324.","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3968_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01902-3","volume":"22","author":"BL Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang BL, Li Y, Ciren D, et al. Supraglottic jet oxygenation and ventilation decreased hypoxemia during gastrointestinal endoscopy under deep sedation at high altitudes: a randomized clinical trial[J]. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22(1):348.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"3968_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367890","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1321580","volume":"12","author":"YF Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong YF, Ma HM, Sun H. Association of altitude and frailty in Chinese older adults: using a cumulative frailty index model[J]. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1367890.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3968_CR20","first-page":"592318","volume":"7","author":"YF Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao YF, Xie ZZ, Song GL. Prevalence and risk factors for COPD at high altitude: A Large Cross-Sectional Survey of Subjects Living Between 2,100-4,700m Above Sea Level [J]. Front Med. 2020;7:592318.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3968_CR21","first-page":"1486","volume":"75","author":"TR Richards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richards TR, Mackenzie J, Taylor L. Measurement of airway pressure during high-flow nasal therapy in apnoeic oxygenation: a randomised controlled crossover trial [J]. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(11):1486\u201393.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"3968_CR22","first-page":"326","volume":"21","author":"LJ Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li LJ, Wang XJ, Wang S. Altitude effect on propofol pharmacokinetics in rats[J]. Curr Drug Metab. 2020;21(4):326\u201332.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"3968_CR23","first-page":"72","volume":"9","author":"JC G\u00f3mez","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez JC, Arango CA, G\u00f3mez-Grull\u00f3n M. Frequency of anesthetic overdose with mean alveolar concentration-guided anesthesia at high altitude[J]. Med Gas Res. 2019;9(2):72\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03968-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03968-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03968-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:33:05Z","timestamp":1784356385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03968-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03968-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This work has been carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2000) of the World Medical Association. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the People\u2019s Hospital of Shigatse City (Approval No. 2024RKZRMYY05M001) and registered with the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2400085110). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before enrollment. This manuscript adheres to the CONSORT guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"433"}}