{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T03:28:52Z","timestamp":1786418932293,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004951","name":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004951","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-03992-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:44:18Z","timestamp":1780739058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An evaluation of peripheral nerve damage that may develop following intraneural bupivacaine, dexmedetomidine, and lidocaine injections: multifaceted analysis in an experimental model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"\u0130rem","family":"ATE\u015e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Lalo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eeyma","family":"\u00c7oruh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basri","family":"P\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevilay","family":"\u00d6zmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nergis","family":"Ula\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Ki\u0307li\u0307\u00e7li\u0307o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emir","family":"\u015eahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.11.004","volume":"53","author":"B Catalani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Catalani B, Jones J Jr. Peripheral Nerve Block Complications in Children. Orthop Clin North Am. 2022;53(2):179\u201386.","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"3992_CR2","first-page":"769","volume":"12","author":"M Pa\u015bnicki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pa\u015bnicki M, Kr\u00f3l A, Kosson D, Ko\u0142acz M. The Safety of Peripheral Nerve Blocks: The Role of Triple Monitoring in Regional Anaesthesia, a Comprehensive Review. Healthc (Basel). 2024;12(7):769.","journal-title":"Healthc (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14140","volume":"73","author":"DW Hewson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hewson DW, Bedforth NM, Hardman JG. Peripheral nerve injury arising in anaesthesia practice. Anaesthesia. 2018;73(1):51\u201360.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR4","first-page":"54","volume":"77","author":"CL Jeng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeng CL, Rosenblatt MA. Intraneural injections and regional anesthesia: the known and unknown. Minerva Anesthesiol. 2011;77(1):54\u20138.","journal-title":"Minerva Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3992_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030339","volume":"17","author":"M Verlinde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verlinde M, Hollmann MW, Stevens MF, Hermanns H, Werdehausen R, Lirk P. Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(3):339.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01169.x","volume":"51","author":"E Kapur","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kapur E, Dilberovic F, Zaciragic A, Cosovic E, Vuckovic I, Divanovic KA, Mornjakovic Z, Mirsad B, Borgeat A, Thys DM, Hadzic A. Neurologic and histologic outcome after intraneural injections of lidocaine in canine sciatic nerves. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(1):101\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02459-4","volume":"16","author":"L Markova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Markova L, Umek N, Horvat S, Had\u017ei\u0107 A, Kuroda M, Pintari\u010d TS, Mrak V, Cvetko E. Neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and liposome bupivacaine after sciatic nerve block in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):247.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3992_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0955-x","volume":"78","author":"M Beaussier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beaussier M, Delbos A, Maurice-Szamburski A, Ecoffey C, Mercadal L. Perioperative use of intravenous lidocain. Drugs. 2018;78(12):1229\u201346.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"3992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063283","volume":"23","author":"S Weinschenk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weinschenk S, Weiss C, Benrath J, von Baehr V, Strowitzki T, Fei\u00dft M. Anti-inflammatory characteristics of local anesthetics: inhibition of tnf-\u03b1 secretion of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leucocytes in human blood samples. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(6):3283.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3992_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S405294","volume":"17","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Z, Liu Z, Feng C, Jin Y, Zhao X. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in peripheral nerve block. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:1463\u201384.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2016.02.012","volume":"66","author":"O Sen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sen O, Sayilgan NC, Tutuncu AC, Bakan M, Koksal GM, Oz H. Evaluation of sciatic nerve damage following intraneural injection of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and lidocaine in rats. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2016;66(3):272\u20135.","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E95","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v36i2.19572","volume":"36","author":"A T\u00fcfek","year":"2013","unstructured":"T\u00fcfek A, Kaya S, Tokg\u00f6z O, Firat U. The protective effect of dexmedetomidine on bupivacaine-induced sciatic nerve inflammation is mediated by mast cells. Clin Invest Med. 2013;36(2):E95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.08.022","volume":"122","author":"ZY Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu ZY, Geng J, Li ZQ, Sun YB, Wang SL, Masters J, Wang DX, Guo XY, Li M, Ma D. Dexmedetomidine enhances ropivacaine-induced sciatic nerve injury in diabetic rats. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(1):141\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"3992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-022-03565-5","volume":"37","author":"AMM De Mangueira","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Mangueira AMM, Caparelli-D\u00e1quer M, Filho E, de Assis OPG, Sousa DSFR, Lima JKC, Pinheiro WL, Silveira ALB Jr, et al. Raman spectroscopy and sciatic functional index (SFI) after low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. Lasers Med Sci. 2022;37(7):2957\u201371.","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu559","volume":"114","author":"J Kessler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kessler J, Marhofer P, Hopkins PM, Hollmann MW. Peripheral regional anaesthesia and outcome: Lessons learned from the Last 10 Years. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(5):728\u201345.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"3992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181af61cb","volume":"111","author":"MB Welch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Welch MB, Brummett CM, Welch TD, Tremper KK, Shanks AM, Guglani P, Mashour GA. Perioperative peripheral nerve injuries: A retrospective study of 380,680 cases during a 10-year period at a single institution. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(3):490\u20137.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000258740.17193.ec","volume":"104","author":"R Brull","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):965\u201374.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105527","volume":"50","author":"HA Alici","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alici HA, Ciftci B. Which local anesthetic is more neurotoxic? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025;50(4):380.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200509000-00008","volume":"30","author":"T Takenami","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takenami T, Yagishita S, Murase S, Hiruma H, Kawakami T, Hoka S. Neurotoxicity of intrathecally administered bupivacaine involves the posterior roots\/posterior white matter and is milder than lidocaine in rats. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30(5):464\u201372.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3992_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a00767","volume":"117","author":"SJ Farber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farber SJ, Saheb-Al-Zamani M, Zieske L, Laurido-Soto O, Bery A, Hunter D, Johnson P, Mackinnon SE. Peripheral nerve injury after local anesthetic injection. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(3):731\u201339.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep236","volume":"103","author":"R Werdehausen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Werdehausen R, Fazeli S, Braun S, Hermanns H, Essmann F, Hollmann MW, Bauer I, Stevens MF. Apoptosis induction by different local anaesthetics in a neuroblastoma cell line. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(5):711\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318168514b","volume":"106","author":"P Lirk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lirk P, Haller I, Colvin HP, Lang L, Tomaselli B, Klimaschewski L, Gerner P. In vitro, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways protects against bupivacaine- and ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(5):1456\u201364.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01810-6","volume":"22","author":"W Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu W, Li X, Chen L, Luo X, Shen S, Wang J. Dexmedetomidine pretreatment alleviates ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity via the miR-10b-5p\/BDNF axis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22(1):304.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"3992_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S199572","volume":"13","author":"Y Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan Y, Bi X, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhang N, Lao J, Liu X. Dexmedetomidine protects PC12 cells from lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity via downregulation of Stathmin 1. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:2067\u201379.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"3992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000230519.39456.ea","volume":"17","author":"S Atkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atkins S, Smith KG, Loescher AR, Boissonade FM, O\u2019Kane S, Ferguson MW, Robinson PP. Scarring impedes regeneration at sites of peripheral nerve repair. NeuroReport. 2006;17(12):1245\u20139.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34443-x","volume":"13","author":"K Do Rhee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Do Rhee K, Wang Y, Ten Hoeve J, Stiles L, Nguyen TTT, Zhang X, Vergnes L, Reue K, Shirihai O, Bok D, Yang XJ. Ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated neuroprotection involves enhanced glycolysis and anabolism in degenerating mouse retinas. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):7037.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"3992_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.048206","volume":"56","author":"Y Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie Y, Wang X, Liu S, He Z, Zhang H, Yu Z, Xie M, Wang W. Transforming growth factor \u03b21 protects against ischemic demyelination via regulating microglial lipid metabolism pathway. Stroke. 2025;56(6):1554\u201368.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.232479","volume":"13","author":"RL Wood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wood RL, Karlinsey KS, Thompson AD, Rigby MN, Boatright GD, Pitt WG, Roeder BL, Steffensen SC, Cook AD. Baseline effects of lysophosphatidylcholine and nerve growth factor in a rat model of sciatic nerve regeneration after crush injury. Neural Regen Res. 2018;13(5):846\u201353.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"3992_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.041","volume":"818","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Y, Yu M, Zhao B, Wang Y, Zha Y, Li Z, Yu L, Yan L, Chen Z, Zhang W, Zeng X, He Z. Clonidine preconditioning improved cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in rats via ERK1\/2-CREB\/ NF-\u03baB-NR2B pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018;818:167\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1645-x","volume":"21","author":"FF Cruz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cruz FF, Rocco PR, Pelosi P. Anti-inflammatory properties of anesthetic agents. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):67.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0196897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196897","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang X, Yan F, Feng J, Qian H, Cheng Z, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao Z, Li A, Xiao H. Dexmedetomidine inhibits inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus of septic rats by suppressing NF-\u03baB pathway. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5):e0196897.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"3992_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70116","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70116","volume":"14","author":"Z Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao Z, Li P, Zhao X. Progress on the mechanisms and neuroprotective benefits of dexmedetomidine in brain diseases. Brain Behav. 2024;14(11):e70116.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"3992_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.5.2","volume":"16","author":"MG Burnett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burnett MG, Zager EL. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16(5):E1.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"3992_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12825","volume":"61","author":"T Wiesmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiesmann T, Steinfeldt T, Exner M, Nimphius W, De Andres J, Wulf H, Schwemmer U. Intraneural injection of a test dose of local anesthetic in peripheral nerves \u2013 does it induce histological changes in nerve tissue? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(1):91\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03992-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03992-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03992-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T02:48:17Z","timestamp":1786416497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03992-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-026-03992-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted at the Atat\u00fcrk University Medical Experimental Application and Research Center, T\u00fcrkiye. The study was approved by the local animal experimentation ethics committee of Atat\u00fcrk University (HADYEK no. E-42190979-050.01.04-2300142218, dated 2023-05-03). It also complied with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participation.","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"472"}}