{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:03:25Z","timestamp":1784084605612,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008967","name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Anesthesiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence on prehospital regional anesthesia (RA) is limited, with only a few trials comparing peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) to standard opioid analgesia. Although well established in hospitals, their use in prehospital care remains rare. This survey aimed to capture expert perspectives on prerequisites, barriers, and preferred block techniques for broader implementation of prehospital PNBs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Members of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia (ESRA) were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. The 30-item questionnaire collected demographic data, professional background, information on the organization of emergency medical services (EMS), and ultrasound availability. Participants were also asked about their experience with in-hospital and prehospital RA, perceived training requirements, and necessary equipment. Finally, respondents assessed the advantages, disadvantages, and suitability of specific RA techniques for prehospital scenarios. Data were analyzed descriptively and are presented as absolute numbers and percentages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 415 fully completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. 82% (342\/415) of respondents supported prehospital RA, but only 20% (73\/415) reported its current use in their EMS area. Onethird of this group had personally performed RA procedures, with fascia iliaca compartment blocks (FICB) and femoral nerve blocks (FNB) being the most frequently used techniques. The most commonly cited key requirements for performing prehospital RA included ultrasound devices (87%; 359\/415) and lipid solution (68%; 282\/415). 58% (240\/415) of respondents reported ultrasound availability in prehospital care. 63% (262\/415) believed only specialists or residents with additional training should perform PNBs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While most respondents supported the concept of prehospital RA, only few indicated that such approaches are currently implemented in their local EMS systems. FICB and FNB were identified as the preferred options for managing proximal femur fractures. Key concerns regarding implementation included limited team experience, time constraints, and procedural complications such as local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), emphasizing the need for structured training, clear protocols, and expert guidance to ensure safe implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-04093-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:45:16Z","timestamp":1784079916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expert perspectives on the requirements for implementing prehospital peripheral nerve blocks: a survey among members of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia (ESRA)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1872-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Gaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan JR","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Moka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel R","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Kristin","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hinnerk","family":"Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Vojnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4093_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105611","volume":"5","author":"H Elsharkawy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elsharkawy H, Clark JD, El-Boghdadly K. Evidence for regional anesthesia in preventing chronic postsurgical pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. Feb 2025;5(2):153\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2024-105611.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"4093_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik A, Thom S, Haber B. al. e. Regional anesthesia in the emergency department: an overview of common nerve block techniques and recent literature. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep: Springer Nature; 2022. p. 54\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40138-022-00249-w"},{"issue":"8","key":"4093_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13600","volume":"64","author":"L Raatiniemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raatiniemi L, Magnusson V, Hyldmo PK, et al. Femoral nerve blocks for the treatment of acute pre-hospital pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Sep. 2020;64(8):1038\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aas.13600.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Sep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4093_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X23000298","volume":"38","author":"S Slade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Slade S, Hanna E, Pohlkamp-Hartt J, Savage DW, Ohle R. Efficacy of Fascia Iliaca compartment blocks in proximal femoral fractures in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med Apr. 2023;38(2):252\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1049023X23000298.","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med Apr"},{"issue":"48","key":"4093_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0221","volume":"1","author":"A Fichtner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fichtner A, Schrofner-Brunner B, Magath T, Mutze P, Koch T. Regional anesthesia for acute pain treatment in pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medicine. Dtsch Arztebl Int Dec. 2023;1(48):815\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0221.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int Dec"},{"issue":"40","key":"4093_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0238","volume":"08","author":"M Rupp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rupp M, Walter N, Pfeifer C, et al. The incidence of fractures among the adult population of Germany\u2013an analysis from 2009 through 2019. Dtsch Arztebl Int Oct. 2021;08(40):665\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0238.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int Oct"},{"issue":"8","key":"4093_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4821","volume":"38","author":"CW Sing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sing CW, Lin TC, Bartholomew S, et al. Global epidemiology of hip fractures: secular trends in incidence rate, post-fracture treatment, and all-cause mortality. J Bone Min Res Aug. 2023;38(8):1064\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.4821.","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res Aug"},{"issue":"1","key":"4093_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-025-01186-z","volume":"5","author":"DD Uzun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uzun DD, Stock JP, Steffen R, et al. Trends in analgesia in prehospital trauma care: an analysis of 105.908 patients from the multicenter database TraumaRegister DGU((R)). BMC Emerg Med Mar. 2025;5(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01186-z.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med Mar"},{"key":"4093_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pissens S, Cavens L, Joshi G, Bonnet M, Sauter A, Raeder J. Pain management after hip fracture repair surgery: a systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) recommendations. Acta Anaesth Bel. 2024;75(1):15\u201331.","DOI":"10.56126\/75.1.04"},{"issue":"1","key":"4093_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-019-0131-x","volume":"15","author":"T Beals","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beals T, Odashima K, Haines LE, Likourezos A, Drapkin J, Dickman E. Interscalene brachial plexus nerve block in the emergency department: an effective and practice-changing workshop. Ultrasound J Jul. 2019;15(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13089-019-0131-x.","journal-title":"Ultrasound J Jul"},{"key":"4093_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blaivas M, Adhikari S, Lander L. A prospective comparison of procedural sedation and ultrasound-guided interscalene nerve block for shoulder reduction in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(9):922\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01140.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01140.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"4093_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032241231257","volume":"35","author":"ND Anderson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anderson ND, Shaner JL, Braunecker S, Potter LG. Regional anesthesia in the austere environment: lessons learned from current out-of-hospital practice. Wilderness Environ Med Jun. 2024;35(2):234\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10806032241231257.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med Jun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4093_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.56126\/75.1.06","volume":"75","author":"S Proesmans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Proesmans S, Vermeylen K, Olyslaegers C, De Tavernier B, Casaer S. Clinical guideline for the use of peripheral nerve block in hip fractures at the emergency department in Belgium. Acta Anaesth Belg. 2024;75(1):41\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesth Belg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4093_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2023.2239353","volume":"28","author":"B Karfunkle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karfunkle B, Chan HK, Fisher B, et al. Prehospital Ultrasound: Nationwide Incidence from the NEMSIS Database. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024;28(3):515\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10903127.2023.2239353.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"4093_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-14-6","volume":"01","author":"J Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor J, McLaughlin K, McRae A, Lang E, Anton A. Use of prehospital ultrasound in North America: a survey of emergency medical services medical directors. BMC Emerg Med Mar. 2014;01:14:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-227X-14-6.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med Mar"},{"key":"4093_CR16","unstructured":"Mann V, Zajonz TS, Mann STW, M\u00fcller M, Edeler B. al: SEe. Innovative techniques in out-of-hospital emergency medicinein Germany. A five year follow-up internet survey among medicalemergency service directors. Anasth Intensivmed. 2020;61:001\u2013014."},{"issue":"4","key":"4093_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-023-01045-4","volume":"119","author":"C Eimer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eimer C, Lorenzen U, Reifferscheid F, et al. [Ultrasound diagnostics in prehospital emergency care-do we need a standardized educational approach?]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed May. 2024;119(4):309\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00063-023-01045-4","journal-title":"Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed May"},{"key":"4093_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Halsegger K, Haller K, Kollmann C. Verteilung und Einsatz mobiler Ultraschallger\u00e4te in der pr\u00e4klinischen Notfallmedizin in \u00d6sterreich. Notfall Rettungsmed. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10049-024-01291-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10049-024-01291-9"},{"key":"4093_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bobbia X, Abou-Badra M, Hansel N, et al. Changes in the availability of bedside ultrasound practice in emergency rooms and prehospital settings in France. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2018;37(3):201\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.06.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.06.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"4093_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.58793","volume":"03","author":"T Downs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Downs T, Jacquet J, Disch J, et al. Large-scale Implementation of Fascia Iliaca Compartment Blocks in an Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med May. 2023;03(3):384\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5811\/westjem.58793.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med May"},{"key":"4093_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chuan A, Jeyaratnam B, Fathil S, et al. Non-Fellowship regional anesthesia training and assessment: an international Delphi study on a consensus curriculum. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(10):867\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2021-102934.","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-102934"},{"issue":"6","key":"4093_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000553","volume":"25","author":"J Seblova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seblova J, Cimpoesu D, Khoury A, Revue E, Trenkler S. Prehospital emergency care systems in Europe - EuSEM prehospital section survey 2016. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018;25(6):446\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000553.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4093_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohl-Meuthen U, Koch B, Kuschinsky B. Rettungsdienst in der Europ\u00e4ischen Union. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin. 1999. p. 442\u2013450.","DOI":"10.1007\/s100490050175"},{"issue":"2","key":"4093_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.2.188","volume":"20","author":"C MacFarlane","year":"2003","unstructured":"MacFarlane C, Benn CA. Evaluation of emergency medical services systems: a classification to assist in determination of indicators. Emerg Med J Mar. 2003;20(2):188\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emj.20.2.188.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J Mar"},{"key":"4093_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-22-38","volume":"23","author":"E Dochez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dochez E, van Geffen GJ, Bruhn J, Hoogerwerf N, van de Pas H, Scheffer G. Prehospital administered fascia iliaca compartment block by emergency medical service nurses, a feasibility study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. Jun 2014;23:22:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1757-7241-22-38.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4093_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.016","volume":"48","author":"PJ McRae","year":"2015","unstructured":"McRae PJ, Bendall JC, Madigan V, Middleton PM. Paramedic-performed Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block for Femoral Fractures: A Controlled Trial. J Emerg Med May. 2015;48(5):581\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.016.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med May"},{"key":"4093_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijotn.2023.101074","volume":"52","author":"E Saga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saga E, Falk RS, Bing-Jonsson PC, Skovdahl KI, Lindholm E. Nurse-led ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block: A randomised controlled trial of two different patient flow systems in an emergency department. Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs. 2024;52:101074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijotn.2023.101074.","journal-title":"Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs"},{"key":"4093_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Layzell M. Pain management: setting up a nurse-led femoral nerve block service. Br J Nurs. 2007;16(12):702-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjon.2007.16.12.23717.","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2007.16.12.23717"},{"key":"4093_CR29","unstructured":"Association of Anaesthetists, Regional Anaesthesia UK. Fascia iliaca blocks and non-physician practitioners. 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"4093_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06522-3","volume":"17","author":"M Kingston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kingston M, Jones J, Black S, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of paramedic administered fascia iliaca compartment block for emergency hip fracture (RAPID 2)-protocol for an individually randomised parallel-group trial. Trials Aug. 2022;17(1):677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06522-3.","journal-title":"Trials Aug"},{"issue":"2","key":"4093_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.06.031","volume":"130","author":"JS Bowness","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowness JS, Burckett-St Laurent D, Hernandez N, et al. Assistive artificial intelligence for ultrasound image interpretation in regional anaesthesia: an external validation study. Br J Anaesth. 2023;130(2):217\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2022.06.031.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"4093_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e026073","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026073","volume":"15","author":"BA Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans BA, Brown A, Bulger J, et al. Paramedics\u2019 experiences of administering fascia iliaca compartment block to patients in South Wales with suspected hip fracture at the scene of injury: results of focus groups. BMJ Open. 2019;15(2):e026073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026073.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4093_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine local anesthetic systemic toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(1):81\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2020-101986.","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101986"},{"issue":"3","key":"4093_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000075","volume":"39","author":"MF Mulroy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mulroy MF, Weller RS, Liguori GA. A checklist for performing regional nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39(3):195\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000075.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"4093_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao D, Heard K, Foran M, Koyfman A. Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: a systematic review of recent literature. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(3):387\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.10.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.10.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"4093_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2024.01.009","volume":"43","author":"A Gabrieli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gabrieli A, Barberi C, Compostella C, et al. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity joint management in the prehospital environment: a case report. Air Med J. 2024;43(3):256\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2024.01.009.","journal-title":"Air Med J"},{"key":"4093_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fettiplace M, Weinberg G, Nixon H, Barabanova A, Chiang C, Gitman M. The impact of local anesthetic systemic toxicity advisories on reporting to the National Poison Data System (NPDS). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-106464.","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-106464"},{"issue":"4","key":"4093_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.06.044","volume":"135","author":"MR Fettiplace","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fettiplace MR, Weinberg G, Chiang C, Nixon HC, Gitman M. Contemporary local anaesthetic-associated adverse events and mortality: a pharmacovigilance analysis of a US reporting system. Br J Anaesth. 2025;135(4):1015\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2025.06.044.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"4093_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2005.03.030","volume":"24","author":"C Gozlan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gozlan C, Minville V, Asehnoune K, Raynal P, Zetlaoui P, Benhamou D. [Fascia iliaca block for femoral bone fractures in prehospital medicine]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2005;24(6):617\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annfar.2005.03.030.","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"4093_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-019-0454-1","volume":"5","author":"JK Jones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jones JK, Evans BA, Fegan G, et al. Rapid Analgesia for Prehospital hip Disruption (RAPID): findings from a randomised feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2019;5:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40814-019-0454-1.","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"4093_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.12.042","volume":"120","author":"J Steenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steenberg J, Moller AM. Systematic review of the effects of fascia iliaca compartment block on hip fracture patients before operation. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(6):1368\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2017.12.042.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"4093_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8503963","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8503963","volume":"2020","author":"HY Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan HY, Li SY, Ji W, Yu B, Jiang N. Fascia Iliaca compartment block for perioperative pain management of geriatric patients with hip fractures: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain Res Manag. 2020;2020:8503963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8503963.","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"7","key":"4093_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199776","volume":"13","author":"B Buttner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buttner B, Mansur A, Kalmbach M, et al. Prehospital ultrasound-guided nerve blocks improve reduction-feasibility of dislocated extremity injuries compared to systemic analgesia. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0199776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199776.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"4093_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318058a03b","volume":"64","author":"R Barker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barker R, Schiferer A, Gore C, et al. Femoral nerve blockade administered preclinically for pain relief in severe knee trauma is more feasible and effective than intravenous metamizole: a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma. 2008;64(6):1535\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318058a03b.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"4093_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schiferer A, Gore C, Gorove L et al. Dec. A randomized controlled trial of femoral nerve blockade administered preclinically for pain relief in femoral trauma. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1852-4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.ane.0000287676.39323.9e.\u00a0table of contents.","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287676.39323.9e"},{"key":"4093_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Provenzano DA, Hanes M, Hunt C, et al. ASRA Pain Medicine consensus practice infection control guidelines for regional anesthesia and pain medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2024-105651.","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105651"},{"key":"4093_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.01.035","volume":"39","author":"MM Feinstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feinstein MM, Adegboye J, Niforatos JD, Pescatore RM. Informed consent for invasive procedures in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;39:114\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.01.035.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4093_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001784","volume":"1","author":"R Anhang Price","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anhang Price R, Quigley DD, Hargraves JL, et al. A systematic review of strategies to enhance response rates and representativeness of patient experience surveys. Med Care. 2022;1(12):910\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001784.","journal-title":"Med Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12871-026-04093-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-04093-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12871-026-04093-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:03:23Z","timestamp":1784081003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12871-026-04093-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-026-04093-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2253","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for this study was prospectively granted by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty at Philipps University Marburg (reference number AZ 24\/63 ANZ, approved on 25 March 2024).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT (GPT-5, OpenAI, October 2025 version) to improve the readability, language, and formatting of the manuscript in accordance with the journal\u2019s style. After using this tool, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was prospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS; registration number DRKS00034436) on 24 June 2024.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"425"}}