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Survivors of such critical illness may develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-center retrospective follow-up study of COVID-19 ICU survivors at Saarland University Medical Center, Germany, assessing ICD-11 trauma-related disorders using the validated International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and analyzing associations with clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 110 eligible patients, 42 (38.2%) valid datasets were obtained. The overall prevalence of ICD-11 trauma-related disorders (PTSD or CPTSD) was 23.8% (95% CI 12.1\u201339.5%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910), with PTSD diagnosed in 6 participants (14.3%; 95% CI 5.4\u201328.5%) and CPTSD in 4 participants (9.5%; 95% CI 2.7\u201322.6%). No statistically significant associations were found for any of the examined variables. Exploratory subgroup analyses revealed numerically higher rates of trauma-related disorders in patients with prior psychiatric treatment (40.0% vs. 21.6%), ECMO therapy (33.3% vs. 16.7%), or renal replacement therapy (50.0% vs. 17.6%); however, these findings should be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly one quarter of COVID-19 ICU survivors met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD or CPTSD, a prevalence comparable to that observed in other critically ill populations. No statistically significant associations were identified, and the observed subgroup differences should be regarded as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. The reported prevalence of PTSD\/CPTSD highlights the potential value of systematic screening for trauma-related disorder and the integration of psychological support into post-ICU care. Larger prospective multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings and further characterize potential risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics committee of the Medical Association of Saarland (Number 98\/22).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-026-04256-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:33:22Z","timestamp":1789209202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-traumatic stress disorder following intensive care for COVID-19: a single-center retrospective follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Carsten","family":"Zeiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal D.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius J.","family":"Weise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben M.","family":"Rixecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp M.","family":"Lepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4256_CR1","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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