{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:36:55Z","timestamp":1770885415736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihinthale"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0600-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T14:19:33Z","timestamp":1498054773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Aging and obesity are associated with undiagnosed hypertension in a cohort of males in the Central Province of Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"N. W. I. A.","family":"Jayawardana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. A. T. A.","family":"Jayalath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. M. T.","family":"Madhujith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Ralapanawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. S.","family":"Jayasekera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. A. S. B.","family":"Alagiyawanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M. K. R.","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. S.","family":"Kalupahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19043","volume":"317","author":"MH Forouzanfar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, Ng M, Biryukov S, et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm hg, 1990-2015. JAMA. 2017;317(2):165\u201382.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9063","key":"600_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07495-8","volume":"349","author":"CJ Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997;349(9063):1436\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9623","key":"600_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60655-8","volume":"371","author":"CM Lawes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1513\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9455","key":"600_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70151-3","volume":"365","author":"PM Kearney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000252676.46043.18","volume":"49","author":"KL Ong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999\u20132004. Hypertension. 2007;49(1):69\u201375.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"600_CR6","unstructured":"WHO. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2014. Geneva: 2014."},{"key":"600_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennakoon SU, Kumar BN, Nugegoda DB, Meyer HE. Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors between Sri Lankans living in Kandy and Oslo. BMC public health. 10(1):654.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-654"},{"issue":"7","key":"600_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2013.863321","volume":"36","author":"P Katulanda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katulanda P, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R, Constantine GR, Rezvi Sheriff M, Matthews DR. The prevalence, predictors and associations of hypertension in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional population based national survey. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2014;36(7):484\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"600_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayawardana NW, Jayalath WA, Madhujith WM, Ralapanawa U, Jayasekera RS, Alagiyawanna SA, et al. Lifestyle factors associated with obesity in a cohort of males in the central province of Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional descriptive study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3963-3"},{"key":"600_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancia G, De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., Cifkova, R., Fagard, R., Germano, G., Grassi, G., Heagerty, A.M., Kjeldsen, S.E., Laurent, S. and Narkiewicz, K. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.. Eur Heart J 2007;28(12):1462\u20131536.","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3281fc975a"},{"key":"600_CR11","unstructured":"WHO. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization:, 1995."},{"key":"600_CR12","volume-title":"The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment: health communications Australia","author":"J Bassett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bassett J, Organization WH. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment: health communications Australia; 2000."},{"issue":"5","key":"600_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.5.734","volume":"25","author":"JH Koh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koh JH, Koh SB, Lee MY, Jung PM, Kim BH, Shin JY, et al. Optimal waist circumference cutoff values for metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria in a Korean rural population. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25(5):734\u20137.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"9131\/03","key":"600_CR14","first-page":"3508","volume":"195","author":"ML Booth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;195(9131\/03):3508\u20131381.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"600_CR15","unstructured":"2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. [database on the Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 14. [cited 2015. 02.16]. Available from: https:\/\/health.gov\/PAGUIDELINES\/pdf\/paguide.pdf ."},{"key":"600_CR16","unstructured":"WHO. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-4-24","volume":"4","author":"P Katulanda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Katulanda P, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R, Sheriff R, Matthews D. Metabolic syndrome among Sri Lankan adults: prevalence, patterns and correlates. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012;4(1):24.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"600_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803389","volume":"31","author":"G Ko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ko G, Chan J, Chan A, Wong P, Hui S, Tong S, et al. Association between sleeping hours, working hours and obesity in Hong Kong Chinese: the \u2018better health for better Hong Kong\u2019health promotion campaign. Int J Obes. 2007;31(2):254\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"600_CR19","volume-title":"Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity: baseline findings of a population based survey in four provinces in Sri Lanka","author":"K Wijewardene","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wijewardene K, Mohideen M, Mendis S, Fernando D, Kulathilaka T, Weerasekara D, et al. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity: baseline findings of a population based survey in four provinces in Sri Lanka. 2005."},{"key":"600_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla AN, Madan T, Thakkar BM, Parmar MM, Shah KH. Prevalence and predictors of undiagnosed hypertension in an apparently healthy western Indian population. Advances in Epidemiology. 2015;2015","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/649184"},{"issue":"12","key":"600_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2051","volume":"93","author":"JZ Ayanian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ayanian JZ, Zaslavsky AM, Weissman JS, Schneider EC, Ginsburg JA. Undiagnosed hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among uninsured and insured adults in the third National Health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(12):2051\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000008","volume":"32","author":"HM Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson HM, Thorpe CT, Bartels CM, Schumacher JR, Palta M, Pandhi N, et al. Undiagnosed hypertension among young adults with regular primary care use. J Hypertens. 2014;32(1):65\u201374.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"600_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln016","volume":"64","author":"M McDonald","year":"2009","unstructured":"McDonald M, Hertz RP, Unger AN, Lustik MB. Prevalence, awareness, and management of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes among United States adults aged 65 and older. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2009;64(2):256\u201363.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"600_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539507312306","volume":"20","author":"X Hou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hou X. Urban\u2014rural disparity of overweight, hypertension, undiagnosed hypertension, and untreated hypertension in China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2008;20(2):159\u201369.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"600_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00746.x","volume":"11","author":"P Katulanda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katulanda P, Jayawardena MAR, Sheriff MHR, Constantine GR, Matthews DR. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Sri Lankan adults. Obes Rev. 2010;11(11):751\u20136.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"600_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.2.199","volume":"290","author":"I Hajjar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA. 2003;290(2):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0243","volume":"14","author":"SR Joshi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joshi SR, Saboo B, Vadivale M, Dani SI, Mithal A, Kaul U, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and hypertension in India\u2014results from the screening India's twin epidemic (SITE) study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(1):8\u201315.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"600_CR28","volume":"10","author":"L Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu L, He Y, Jiang B, Sun D, Wang J, Liu M, et al. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension during 2001-2010 in an urban elderly population of China. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0132814.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9765","key":"600_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62036-3","volume":"377","author":"G Danaei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Cowan MJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5\u00b7 4 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377(9765):568\u201377.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"600_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.4.466","volume":"294","author":"DM Lloyd-Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Levy D. Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. JAMA. 2005;294(4):466\u201372.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.1.308","volume":"96","author":"SS Franklin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 1997;96(1):308\u201315.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"600_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.02.070","volume":"32","author":"A Harvey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM. Vascular fibrosis in aging and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(5):659\u201368.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"600_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsberg L, Aronne LJ, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Igel LI, Lloyd-Jones D, et al. Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: a position paper of the Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15(1):14\u201333.","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12049"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000151325.83008.b4","volume":"45","author":"K Rahmouni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rahmouni K, Correia ML, Haynes WG, Mark AL. Obesity-associated hypertension new insights into mechanisms. Hypertension. 2005;45(1):9\u201314.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"600_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00942.x","volume":"13","author":"NS Kalupahana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kalupahana NS, Moustaid-Moussa N. The renin-angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obes Rev. 2012;13(2):136\u201349.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"600_CR36","unstructured":"Ramalingam L, Menikdiwela K, LeMieux M, Dufour JM, Kaur G, Kalupahana N, Moustaid-Moussa N. The renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in obesity and insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Aug 4. pii: S0925\u20134439(16)30187\u20139."},{"key":"600_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedesco MA, Di Salvo G, Caputo S, Natale F, Ratti G, Iarussi D, et al. Educational level and hypertension: how socioeconomic differences condition health care. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15(10):727.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001249"},{"issue":"11","key":"600_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002086","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen J, Wang K, Edwards C. Education as an important risk factor for the prevalence of hypertension and elevated blood pressure in Chinese men and women. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20(11):898.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"600_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg083","volume":"32","author":"MA Mendez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mendez MA, Cooper R, Wilks R, Luke A, Forrester T. Income, education, and blood pressure in adults in Jamaica, a middle-income developing country. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(3):400\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"600_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041196","volume":"92","author":"A Alonso","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alonso A, de la Fuente C, Mart\u00edn-Arnau AM, de Irala J, Mart\u00ednez JA, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez M\u00c1. Fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with blood pressure in a Mediterranean population with a high vegetable-fat intake: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) study. Br J Nutr. 2004;92(02):311\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"04","key":"600_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003011","volume":"16","author":"R Jayawardena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayawardena R, Byrne NM, Soares MJ, Katulanda P, Hills AP. Food consumption of Sri Lankan adults: an appraisal of serving characteristics. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(04):653\u20138.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"600_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.475s","volume":"70","author":"JW Lampe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lampe JW. Health effects of vegetables and fruit: assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(3 Suppl):475S\u201390S.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"600_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000218586.21932.3c","volume":"47","author":"LJ Beilin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. Alcohol and hypertension an update. Hypertension. 2006;47(6):1035\u20138.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"600_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehm J, Room R, Monteiro M, Gmel G, Graham K, Rehn N, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for global burden of disease. Eur Addict Res. 2003;9(4):157\u201364.","DOI":"10.1159\/000072222"},{"issue":"4","key":"600_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.4.739","volume":"26","author":"N Haapanen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Vuori I, Oja P, Pasanen M. Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(4):739\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107400.72456.19","volume":"43","author":"G Hu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hu G, Barengo NC, Tuomilehto J, Lakka TA, Nissinen A, Jousilahti P. Relationship of physical activity and body mass index to the risk of hypertension: a prospective study in Finland. Hypertension. 2004;43(1):25\u201330.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"600_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-56","volume":"5","author":"SA Prince","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prince SA, Adamo KB, Hamel ME, Hardt J, Gorber SC, Tremblay M. A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5(1):56.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"5","key":"600_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000217362.34748.e0","volume":"47","author":"JE Gangwisch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gangwisch JE, Heymsfield SB, Boden-Albala B, Buijs RM, Kreier F, Pickering TG, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension analyses of the first national health and nutrition examination survey. Hypertension. 2006;47(5):833\u20139.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"600_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Stranges S, Kandala NB, Miller MA, Taggart FM, Kumari M, et al. Gender-specific associations of short sleep duration with prevalent and incident hypertension: the Whitehall II study. Hypertension. 2007;50(4):693\u2013700.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095471"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-017-0600-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T13:09:45Z","timestamp":1569503385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-017-0600-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-017-0600-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"article-number":"165"}}