{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:15:53Z","timestamp":1787505353096,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015311","name":"Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["The study was conducted through a public-private partnership funded by Novartis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The study was conducted through a public-private partnership funded by Novartis"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015311","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0871-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T05:35:45Z","timestamp":1530596145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Zambian school children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Musuku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Musonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Chipili","family":"Lungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Machila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherri","family":"Schwaninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Mtaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Mulendele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Kavindele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitta","family":"Tadmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo M.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongani M.","family":"Mayosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesl J.","family":"Z\u00fchlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu449","volume":"36","author":"L Z\u00fchlke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Z\u00fchlke L, Engel ME, Karthikeyan G, et al. Characteristics, complications, and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: the global rheumatic heart disease registry (the REMEDY study). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1115\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Colquhoun SM, Condon JR, Steer AC, Li SQ, Guthridge S, Carapetis JR. Disparity in mortality from rheumatic heart disease in indigenous Australians. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4 \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.114.001282\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001282"},{"key":"871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603693","volume":"377","author":"DA Watkins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watkins DA, Johnson CO, Colquhoun SM, et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Rheumatic Heart Dis, 1990\u20132015. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:713\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","volume":"388","author":"H Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1459\u2013544.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","volume":"388","author":"T Vos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545\u2013602.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.232","volume":"221","author":"D Yadeta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yadeta D, Hailu A, Haileamlak A, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among school children in Ethiopia: a multisite echocardiography-based screening. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:260\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sims Sanyahumbi A, Sable CA, Beaton A, et al. School and community screening shows Malawi, Africa, to have a high prevalence of latent rheumatic heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 2016; published online March. doi:\n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/chd.12353\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12353"},{"key":"871_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307444","volume":"101","author":"ME Engel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Engel ME, Haileamlak A, Z\u00fchlke L, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in 4720 asymptomatic scholars from South Africa and Ethiopia. Heart. 2015;101:1389\u201394.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"871_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.10.090","volume":"168","author":"A Kane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kane A, Mirabel M, Tour\u00e9 K, et al. Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease: age matters. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:888\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61171-9","volume":"379","author":"E Marijon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2012;379:953\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"871_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.03680160021005","volume":"150","author":"GH Stollerman","year":"1952","unstructured":"Stollerman GH, Rusoff JH. Prophylaxis against group a streptococcal infections in rheumatic fever patients; use of new repository penicillin preparation. J Am Med Assoc. 1952;150:1571\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"871_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(54)90220-X","volume":"17","author":"GH Stollerman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Stollerman GH. The use of antibiotics for the prevention of rheumatic fever. Am J Med. 1954;17:757\u201367.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195505122521901","volume":"252","author":"GH Stollerman","year":"1955","unstructured":"Stollerman GH, Rusoff JH, Hirschfeld I. Prophylaxis against group a streptococci in rheumatic fever; the use of single monthly injections of benzathine penicillin G. N Engl J Med. 1955;252:787\u201392.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.34","volume":"10","author":"B Remenyi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Remenyi B, Carapetis J, Wyber R, Taubert K, Mayosi BM. Position statement of the world heart federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10:284\u201392.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024769","volume":"134","author":"L Z\u00fchlke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z\u00fchlke L, Karthikeyan G, Engel ME, et al. Clinical Outcomes in 3343 Children and Adults with Rheumatic Heart Dis from 14 Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Two-Year Follow-Up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Dis Registry (the REMEDY Study). Circulation. 2016;134:1456\u201366.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"871_CR16","first-page":"213","volume":"70","author":"WHO","year":"1992","unstructured":"WHO. programme for the prevention of rheumatic fever\/rheumatic Heart Dis in 16 developing countries: report from Phase I (1986\u201390). WHO Cardiovasc Dis Unit and principal investigators. Bull World Health Organ. 1992;70:213\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"871_CR17","unstructured":"BeatRHD Zambia. \n                    https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/partnership\/?p=11897\n                    \n                   (accessed Aug 17, 2016)."},{"key":"871_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.03.2418","volume":"9","author":"J Musuku","year":"2014","unstructured":"Musuku J, Long A, Somwe S, Habanyama G, Tadmor B, Spector J. Improving access to secondary prevention of rheumatic heart disease: mitigating fear of anaphylactic penicillin allergy in Zambia. Glob Heart. 2014;9:e331.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"871_CR19","unstructured":"Mayosi BM. A proposal for the eradication of rheumatic fever in our lifetime. South African Med J. 2006;96"},{"key":"871_CR20","first-page":"241","volume":"96","author":"KA Robertson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robertson KA, Volmink JA, Mayosi BM. Towards a uniform plan for the control of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Africa--the awareness surveillance advocacy prevention (a.S.A.P.) Programme. S Afr Med J. 2006;96:241.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"871_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu296","volume":"16","author":"A Beaton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beaton A, Lu JC, Aliku T, et al. The utility of handheld echocardiography for early rheumatic heart disease diagnosis: a field study. Eur Hear J - Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:475\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur Hear J - Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"871_CR22","unstructured":"Godown BJ, Beaton A. Handheld echocardiography: how new technology could improve the practicality and affordability of rheumatic heart disease screening. Ultrasound. 2015:38\u201340."},{"key":"871_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.157","volume":"10","author":"K Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts K, Colquhoun S, Steer A, Rem\u00e9nyi B, Carapetis J. Screening for rheumatic heart disease: current approaches and controversies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10:49\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z\u00fchlke LJ, Engel ME, Nkepu S, Mayosi BM. Evaluation of a focussed protocol for hand-held echocardiography and computer-assisted auscultation in detecting latent rheumatic heart disease in scholars. Cardiol Young. 2015:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001857"},{"key":"871_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.7","volume":"9","author":"B Rem\u00e9nyi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rem\u00e9nyi B, Wilson N, Steer A, et al. World heart federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease\u2014an evidence-based guideline. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:297\u2013309.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2017-002","volume":"28","author":"A Long","year":"2017","unstructured":"Long A, Lungu JC, Machila E, et al. A programme to increase appropriate usage of benzathine penicillin for management of streptococcal pharyngitis and rheumatic heart disease in Zambia. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017;28:242\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"871_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.03.229","volume":"11","author":"JC Lungu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lungu JC, Machila E, Schwaninger S, et al. Mixed-method evaluation of a pilot program to bolster primary prevention of rheumatic heart disease in Lusaka, Zambia. Glob Heart. 2016;11:e65.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"871_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.03.230","volume":"11","author":"L Z\u00fchlke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z\u00fchlke L, Machila E, Lungu JC, et al. Task shifting: proficiency of general radiography technicians in detecting rheumatic heart disease. Glob Heart. 2016;11:e65\u20136.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"871_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.092312","volume":"125","author":"A Beaton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beaton A, Okello E, Lwabi P, Mondo C, McCarter R, Sable C. Echocardiography screening for rheumatic heart disease in Ugandan schoolchildren. Circulation. 2012;125:3127\u201332.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"871_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065085","volume":"357","author":"E Marijon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:470\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"871_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-058","volume":"26","author":"J Van Dam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Dam J, Tadmor B, Spector J, et al. An open-access mobile compatible electronic patient register for rheumatic heart disease (\u2018eRegister\u2019) based on the world heart Federation\u2019s framework for patient registers. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2015;26:227\u201333.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"871_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25878","volume":"7","author":"C King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King C, Hall J, Banda M, et al. Electronic data capture in a rural African setting: evaluating experiences with different systems in Malawi. Glob Health Action. 2014;7:25878.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"871_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2014.06.008","volume":"83","author":"S Surka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Surka S, Edirippulige S, Steyn K, Gaziano T, Puoane T, Levitt N. Evaluating the use of mobile phone technology to enhance cardiovascular disease screening by community health workers. Int J Med Inform. 2014;83:648\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"871_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.005","volume":"198","author":"M R\u00e9mond","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00e9mond M, Atkinson D, White A, et al. Are minor echocardiographic changes associated with an increased risk of acute rheumatic fever or progression to rheumatic heart disease? Int J Cardiol. 2015;198:117\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-014-0925-3","volume":"35","author":"A Beaton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beaton A, Okello E, Aliku T, et al. Latent rheumatic heart disease: outcomes 2 years after echocardiographic detection. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35:1259\u201367.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/heartasia-2015-010664","volume":"7","author":"AA Nga\u00efd\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nga\u00efd\u00e9 AA, Mbaye A, Kane A, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Senegalese school children: a clinical and echocardiographic screening. Heart Asia. 2015;7:40\u20135.","journal-title":"Heart Asia"},{"key":"871_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470374597","volume-title":"Sampling of populations: methods and applications","author":"P Levy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levy P, Lemshow S. Sampling of populations: methods and applications. 4th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.","edition":"4"},{"key":"871_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.157024","volume":"8","author":"D Engelman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Engelman D, Kado JH, Rem\u00e9nyi B, et al. Teaching focused echocardiography for rheumatic heart disease screening. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;8:118\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951112001321","volume":"23","author":"SM Colquhoun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colquhoun SM, Carapetis JR, Kado JH, et al. Pilot study of nurse-led rheumatic heart disease echocardiography screening in Fiji--a novel approach in a resource-poor setting. Cardiol Young. 2013;23:546\u201352.","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"871_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12122","volume":"30","author":"H Shmueli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shmueli H, Burstein Y, Sagy I, et al. Briefly trained medical students can effectively identify rheumatic mitral valve injury using a hand-carried ultrasound. Echocardiography. 2013;30:621\u20136.","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"871_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30065-1","volume":"4","author":"D Engelman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Engelman D, Kado JH, Rem\u00e9nyi B, et al. Focused cardiac ultrasound screening for rheumatic heart disease by briefly trained health workers: a study of diagnostic accuracy. Lancet Glob Heal. 2016;4:e386\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"871_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1185","volume":"5","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carapetis JR, Hardy M, Fakakovikaetau T, et al. Evaluation of a screening protocol using auscultation and portable echocardiography to detect asymptomatic rheumatic heart disease in Tongan schoolchildren. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5:411\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"871_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jes077","volume":"13","author":"M Mirabel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Ferreira B, et al. Screening for rheumatic heart disease: evaluation of a simplified echocardiography-based approach. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:1024\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"871_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002324\u2013e002324","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.114.002324","volume":"8","author":"M Mirabel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirabel M, Bacquelin R, Tafflet M, et al. Screening for rheumatic heart disease: evaluation of a focused cardiac ultrasound approach. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:e002324\u2013e002324.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"871_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.01.001","volume":"28","author":"JC Lu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lu JC, Sable C, Ensing GJ, et al. Simplified rheumatic heart disease screening criteria for handheld echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"871_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-012-0343-1","volume":"15","author":"L Z\u00fchlke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Z\u00fchlke L, Mayosi BM. Echocardiographic screening for subclinical rheumatic heart disease remains a research tool pending studies of impact on prognosis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013;15:343.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"871_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2015.0292","volume":"1","author":"NR Shrestha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shrestha NR, Karki P, Mahto R, et al. Prevalence of subclinical rheumatic heart disease in eastern Nepal: a school-based cross-sectional study. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:89\u201396.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"871_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-016-0225-3","volume":"16","author":"L Z\u00fchlke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z\u00fchlke L, Engel ME, Lemmer CE, et al. The natural history of latent rheumatic heart disease in a 5 year follow-up study: a prospective observational study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16:46.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"871_CR49","first-page":"215","volume":"73","author":"GM Anabwani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anabwani GM, Bonhoeffer P. Prevalence of heart disease in school children in rural Kenya using colour-flow echocardiography. East Afr Med J. 1996;73:215\u20137.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"871_CR50","first-page":"235","volume":"23","author":"E Rossi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rossi E, Felici AR, Banteyrga L. Subclinical rheumatic heart disease in an Eritrean high-school population, detected by echocardiography. J Heart Valve Dis. 2014;23:235\u20139.","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"871_CR51","first-page":"146","volume":"12","author":"F Smit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smit F, Botes L, Rossouw S, SC B. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among grade 10 - 12 learners in the free state and northern cape - preliminary results of the wheels-of-hope outreach Programme. South Africa Hear J. 2015;12:146\u201351.","journal-title":"South Africa Hear J"},{"key":"871_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000827","volume":"71","author":"B Gleason","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gleason B, Mirembe G, Namuyonga J, et al. Brief report: prevalence of latent rheumatic heart disease among HIV-infected children in Kampala, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:196\u20139.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"871_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2017-007","volume":"28","author":"J Mucumbitsi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mucumbitsi J, Bulwer B, Mutesa L, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic valvular heart disease in Rwandan school children: echocardiographic evaluation using the world heart federation criteria. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017;28:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-018-0871-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-018-0871-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-018-0871-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T15:22:55Z","timestamp":1589901775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-018-0871-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-018-0871-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (#NCT02661763) and approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee at the University of Zambia (REF. No. 002\u201310-13 on 6th December 2013), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Community Development, Mother and Child Health. Written informed consent for participation in the study was required from parents or legal guardians. Children were verbally informed about the study at the time of screening and were required to provide written assent with their name or thumbprint in order to participate.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data. The student photographed in Fig.\n                      \n                      provided written consent for use of the photo.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SS, JS, MG, JVD, and LC are employees of Novartis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"135"}}