{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:02:27Z","timestamp":1793736147441,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Danish Horse Levy Foundation"},{"name":"The Brdr. Hartmann Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007505","name":"Kirsten og Freddy Johansens Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010807","name":"Foreningen KUSTOS af 1881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004954","name":"Augustinus Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Large animal models are important in atrial fibrillation (AF) research, as they can be used to study the pathophysiology of AF and new therapeutic approaches. Unlike other animal models, horses spontaneously develop AF and could therefore serve as a bona fide model in AF research. We therefore aimed to study the electrical, functional and structural remodelling caused by chronic AF in a horse model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nine female horses were included in the study, with six horses tachypaced into self-sustained AF and three that served as a time-matched sham-operated control group. Acceleration in atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR), changes in electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables and response to medical treatment (flecainide 2\u2009mg\/kg) were recorded over a period of 2\u2009months. At the end of the study, changes in ion channel expression and fibrosis were measured and compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>AFR increased from 299\u2009\u00b1\u200933 fibrillations per minute (fpm) to 376\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009fpm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and atrial function (active left atrial fractional area change) decreased significantly during the study (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No changes were observed in heart rate or ventricular function. The AF group had more atrial fibrosis compared to the control group (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No differences in ion channel expression were observed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Horses with induced AF show signs of atrial remodelling that are similar to humans and other animal models.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-1210-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T15:21:33Z","timestamp":1571671293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Longitudinal study of electrical, functional and structural remodelling in an equine model of atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Eva Zander","family":"Hesselkilde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Carstensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Fleth\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merle","family":"Fenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ditte Dybvald","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Tfelt-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen","family":"Pehrson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Hartig","family":"Braunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyotr G.","family":"Platonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jespersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8201-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke","family":"Buhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"1210_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.022","volume":"64","author":"CT January","year":"2014","unstructured":"January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, et al. 2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(21):e1\u201376.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1210_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.7.1954","volume":"92","author":"MC Wijffels","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation. 1995;92(7):1954\u201368.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"2","key":"1210_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup328","volume":"12","author":"K Nishida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishida K, Michael G, Dobrev D, Nattel S. Animal models for atrial fibrillation: clinical insights and scientific opportunities. Europace. 2010;12(2):160\u201372.","journal-title":"Europace."},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.12.028","volume":"12","author":"MM Haugaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haugaard MM, Hesselkilde EZ, Pehrson S, Carstensen H, Flethoj M, Praestegaard KF, et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels by NS8593 reveals atrial antiarrhythmic potential in horses. Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society. 2015;12(4):825\u201335.","journal-title":"Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society."},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000541","volume":"71","author":"H Carstensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carstensen H, Kjaer L, Haugaard MM, Flethoj M, Hesselkilde EZ, Kanters JK, et al. Antiarrhythmic effects of combining Dofetilide and Ranolazine in a model of acutely induced atrial fibrillation in horses. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2018;71(1):26\u201335.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1210_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12606","volume":"29","author":"A Decloedt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Decloedt A, Schwarzwald CC, De Clercq D, Van Der Vekens N, Pardon B, Reef VB, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2015;29(3):946\u201353.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12496","volume":"29","author":"MM Haugaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haugaard MM, Pehrson S, Carstensen H, Flethoj M, Hesselkilde EZ, Praestegaard KF, et al. Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiologic effects of flecainide on acutely induced atrial fibrillation in healthy horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2015;29(1):339\u201347.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"6","key":"1210_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0202.x","volume":"22","author":"D De Clercq","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Clercq D, van Loon G, Tavernier R, Duchateau L, Deprez P. Atrial and ventricular electrical and contractile remodeling and reverse remodeling owing to short-term pacing-induced atrial fibrillation in horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2008;22(6):1353\u20139.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"key":"1210_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Loon G, Duytschaever M, Tavernier R, Fonteyne W, Jordaens L, Deprez P. An equine model of chronic atrial fibrillation: methodology. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997). 2002;164(2):142\u201350.","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0668"},{"issue":"2","key":"1210_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.2.223","volume":"70","author":"D De Clercq","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Clercq D, van Loon G, Tavernier R, Verbesselt R, Deprez P. Use of propafenone for conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(2):223\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR11","first-page":"254","volume":"64","author":"G Van Loon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Loon G, Tavernier R, Duytschaever M, Fonteyne W, Deprez P, Jordaens L. Pacing induced sustained atrial fibrillation in a pony. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire. 2000;64(4):254\u20138.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire"},{"issue":"6","key":"1210_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2001)015<0564:DPIVTC>2.3.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"G Van Loon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, Tavernier R, Jordaens L, D'Hont L, et al. Dual-chamber pacemaker implantation via the cephalic vein in healthy equids. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15(6):564\u201371.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"1210_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15287","volume":"32","author":"H Carstensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carstensen H, Hesselkilde EZ, Fenner M, Loft-Andersen AV, Flethoj M, Kanters JK, et al. Time-dependent antiarrhythmic effects of flecainide on induced atrial fibrillation in horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2018;32(5):1708\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.08.002","volume":"15","author":"PJ Pedersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pedersen PJ, Kanters JK, Buhl R, Klaerke DA. Normal electrocardiographic QT interval in race-fit Standardbred horses at rest and its rate dependence during exercise. Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology. 2013;15(1):23\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"1210_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv110","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu249","volume":"16","author":"P. G. Platonov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Platonov PG, Corino VD, Seifert M, Holmqvist F, Sornmo L. Atrial fibrillatory rate in the clinical context: natural course and prediction of intervention outcome. Europace. 2014;16 Suppl 4:iv110-iv9.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/10.900266","volume":"48","author":"M Stridh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stridh M, Sornmo L. Spatiotemporal QRST cancellation techniques for analysis of atrial fibrillation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2001;48(1):105\u201311.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13982","volume":"30","author":"M Flethoj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flethoj M, Schwarzwald CC, Haugaard MM, Carstensen H, Kanters JK, Olsen LH, et al. Left ventricular function after prolonged exercise in equine endurance athletes. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2016;30(4):1260\u20139.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03027.x","volume":"21","author":"CC Schwarzwald","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schwarzwald CC, Schober KE, Bonagura JD. Echocardiographic evidence of left atrial mechanical dysfunction after conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in 5 horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007;21(4):820\u20137.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04084.x","volume":"30","author":"VB Reef","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reef VB, Bain FT, Spencer PA. Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological findings. Equine Vet J. 1998;30(1):18\u201327.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1210_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H725","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00440.2013","volume":"305","author":"DJ Dosdall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dosdall DJ, Ranjan R, Higuchi K, Kholmovski E, Angel N, Li L, et al. Chronic atrial fibrillation causes left ventricular dysfunction in dogs but not goats: experience with dogs, goats, and pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;305(5):H725\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1210_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.7.1600","volume":"94","author":"EG Daoud","year":"1996","unstructured":"Daoud EG, Bogun F, Goyal R, Harvey M, Man KC, Strickberger SA, et al. Effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial refractoriness in humans. Circulation. 1996;94(7):1600\u20136.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"5","key":"1210_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.5.1588","volume":"91","author":"CA Morillo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Jones DL, Guiraudon CM. Chronic rapid atrial pacing. Structural, functional, and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1995;91(5):1588\u201395.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"2","key":"1210_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/107424849900400206","volume":"4","author":"MM Rahme","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rahme MM, Cotter B, Leistad E, Subudhayangkul S, Wadhwa M, Ungab G, et al. Persistence of atrial fibrillation after its induction-importance of the duration and dispersion of atrial refractoriness and electrical remodeling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 1999;4(2):113\u201320.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(97)00289-7","volume":"38","author":"M Holm","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holm M, Pehrson S, Ingemansson M, Sornmo L, Johansson R, Sandhall L, et al. Non-invasive assessment of the atrial cycle length during atrial fibrillation in man: introducing, validating and illustrating a new ECG method. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;38(1):69\u201381.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1210_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00210-0","volume":"81","author":"A Bollmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bollmann A, Kanuru NK, McTeague KK, Walter PF, DeLurgio DB, Langberg JJ. Frequency analysis of human atrial fibrillation using the surface electrocardiogram and its response to ibutilide. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(12):1439\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0720-1","volume":"17","author":"EZ Hesselkilde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hesselkilde EZ, Carstensen H, Haugaard MM, Carlson J, Pehrson S, Jespersen T, et al. Effect of flecainide on atrial fibrillatory rate in a large animal model with induced atrial fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):289.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1210_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2012.05.003","volume":"45","author":"PG Platonov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Platonov PG, Stridh M, de Melis M, Urban L, Carlson J, Corbucci G, et al. Analysis of atrial fibrillatory rate during spontaneous episodes of atrial fibrillation in humans using implantable loop recorder electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol. 2012;45(6):723\u20136.","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1210_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.84.7.776","volume":"84","author":"L Yue","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yue L, Melnyk P, Gaspo R, Wang Z, Nattel S. Molecular mechanisms underlying ionic remodeling in a dog model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 1999;84(7):776\u201384.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1210_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.80.6.772","volume":"80","author":"DR Van Wagoner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Wagoner DR, Pond AL, McCarthy PM, Trimmer JS, Nerbonne JM. Outward K+ current densities and Kv1.5 expression are reduced in chronic human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 1997;80(6):772\u201381.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1210_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00258-4","volume":"54","author":"M Allessie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allessie M, Ausma J, Schotten U. Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;54(2):230\u201346.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1210_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(03)00107-4","volume":"92","author":"IA Khan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Khan IA. Atrial stunning: basics and clinical considerations. Int J Cardiol. 2003;92(2\u20133):113\u201328.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1210_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000055314.10801.4F","volume":"107","author":"U Schotten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schotten U, Duytschaever M, Ausma J, Eijsbouts S, Neuberger HR, Allessie M. Electrical and contractile remodeling during the first days of atrial fibrillation go hand in hand. Circulation. 2003;107(10):1433\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"1210_CR33","volume-title":"Atrial pacing and experimental atrial fibrillation in equines","author":"G Van Loon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Loon G. Atrial pacing and experimental atrial fibrillation in equines. Merelbeke (Beligum): Ghent University; 2001."},{"issue":"3","key":"1210_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv001","volume":"105","author":"RS Wijesurendra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wijesurendra RS, Casadei B. Atrial fibrillation: effects beyond the atrium? Cardiovasc Res. 2015;105(3):238\u201347.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1210_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12340","volume":"28","author":"VB Reef","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reef VB, Bonagura J, Buhl R, McGurrin MK, Schwarzwald CC, van Loon G, et al. Recommendations for management of equine athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2014;28(3):749\u201361.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"1210_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1988.tb01970.x","volume":"2","author":"VB Reef","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reef VB, Levitan CW, Spencer PA. Factors affecting prognosis and conversion in equine atrial fibrillation. Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 1988;2(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine \/ American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine."},{"issue":"6","key":"1210_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90022-6","volume":"58","author":"A Borgeat","year":"1986","unstructured":"Borgeat A, Goy JJ, Maendly R, Kaufmann U, Grbic M, Sigwart U. Flecainide versus quinidine for conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58(6):496\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR38","first-page":"233","volume":"14","author":"PG Platonov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Platonov PG. Atrial fibrosis: an obligatory component of arrhythmia mechanisms in atrial fibrillation? Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC. 2017;14(4):233\u20137.","journal-title":"Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC"},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000347126","volume":"124","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Jian Z, Yang ZY, Chen L, Wang XF, Ma RY, et al. Increased expression of connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta-1 in atrial myocardium of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Cardiology. 2013;124(4):233\u201340.","journal-title":"Cardiology."},{"issue":"8","key":"1210_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.1313","volume":"66","author":"MS Dzeshka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dzeshka MS, Lip GY, Snezhitskiy V, Shantsila E. Cardiac fibrosis in patients with atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(8):943\u201359.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1210_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2006.04.002","volume":"15","author":"J Cosgrave","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cosgrave J, Foley JB, Flavin R, O'Briain DS, Fitzpatrick E, Bennett K, et al. Preoperative atrial histological changes are not associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology. 2006;15(4):213\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1210_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.06.018","volume":"6","author":"MF Swartz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Swartz MF, Fink GW, Lutz CJ, Taffet SM, Berenfeld O, Vikstrom KL, et al. Left versus right atrial difference in dominant frequency, K(+) channel transcripts, and fibrosis in patients developing atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society. 2009;6(10):1415\u201322.","journal-title":"Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society"},{"issue":"18","key":"1210_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.048","volume":"60","author":"MF Swartz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swartz MF, Fink GW, Sarwar MF, Hicks GL, Yu Y, Hu R, et al. Elevated pre-operative serum peptides for collagen I and III synthesis result in post-surgical atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(18):1799\u2013806.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1210_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.08.007","volume":"34","author":"M Laredo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laredo M, Waldmann V, Khairy P, Nattel S. Age as a critical determinant of atrial fibrillation: a two-sided relationship. The Canadian journal of cardiology. 2018;34(11):1396\u2013406.","journal-title":"The Canadian journal of cardiology"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-019-1210-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-019-1210-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-019-1210-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T23:10:50Z","timestamp":1603149050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-019-1210-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-019-1210-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by local ethical committee at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and The Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate (license number 2015-15-0201-00693) and was performed in accordance with the European Commission Directive 86\/609\/EEC.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"228"}}