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However, its prediction with only conventional modalities is often difficult. This study sought to examine whether RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of myocardium tissue samples could predict LVRR in NIDCM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 17 advanced NIDCM patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 30% who underwent cardiac biopsy from Left ventricle (LV) were prospectively recruited. They received optimal treatment and followed with echocardiogram every 6\u2009months. Based on LVRR status after 12\u2009months of treatment, patients were divided into the reverse remodeling (RR) or non-RR group. Tissue samples were analyzed by RNA-seq, and a functional analysis of differentially expressed genes was carried out.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were eight and nine patients in the RR and non-RR groups, respectively. No difference was found in age, sex, disease duration, LV end-diastolic diameter, and LVEF between the two groups. There were 155 genes that were differentially expressed between the two groups. <jats:italic>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NDUF<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>S5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>GADD<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>45G<\/jats:italic>, along with several genes related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and ribosome, were significantly downregulated in the RR as compared to the non-RR group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>GADD45G<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NDUFS5<\/jats:italic> are potential biomarkers for LVRR in patients with advanced NIDCM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01396-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T14:05:26Z","timestamp":1583417126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Novel myocardial markers GADD45G and NDUFS5 identified by RNA-sequencing predicts left ventricular reverse remodeling in advanced non-ischemic heart failure: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Togo","family":"Iwahana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motohiko","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Iwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goro","family":"Matsumiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-013-0157-5","volume":"10","author":"MM Givertz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Givertz MM, Mann DL. 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All participants provided written, informed consent for their participation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"TI, SO, GM, and YK have received research grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grant (no. JP15K09064). AI has received consultancy fee from ReproCell Inc. GM received grants from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED (Tokyo, Japan), Abbott Medical Japan Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), Terumo Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), Century Medical, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), and NIPRO CORPORATION (Osaka, Japan). YK received grants from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), Pfizer Inc. (New York, USA), Medtronic Japan Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), WIN INTERNATIONAL CO.,LTD (Tokyo, Japan), DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED (Tokyo, Japan), Amgen Astellas BioPharma K.K (Tokyo, Japan), Mebix, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation (Osaka, Japan), and EPI Yamanashi Co.,LTD (Kofu, Yamanashi).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"116"}}