{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:56:24Z","timestamp":1792202184302,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010903","name":"Key Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1309705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1309705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used to screen cardiac diseases. To date, no large population study has provided estimates of the prevalences of ECG findings in China. We aim to investigate the prevalences and associated factors of ECG abnormalities in a general population of Chinese adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECG data were obtained from 34,965 participants in the 2007\u20132008 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study. ECG abnormalities were classified according to the Minnesota coding (MC) criteria. Prevalences of variant ECG abnormalities were calculated. The associations between ECG abnormalities and gender, age and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalences of major arrhythmias were 1.70, 2.37 and 1.04% in the whole population, men and women, respectively. Atrial fibrillation\/flutter was found in 0.35% of men and 0.20% of women. ST depression and T abnormalities accounted for 10.96, 7.54 and 14.32% in the whole population, men and women, respectively. Independent of gender and other CVD risk factors, older age significantly increased the odds of having atrial fibrillation\/flutter, complete left bundle branch block, complete right bundle branch block, sinus tachycardia, atrial\/junctional\/ventricular premature beats, ST depression and T abnormalities, tall R wave left, left\/right atrial hypertrophy, left axis deviation and low voltage. Hypertension, overweight, obesity and hypercholesterolemia all independently increased the odds of having ST depression and T abnormalities. History of cardiovascular\/cerebrovascular diseases was positively associated with major arrhythmias, ST depression and T abnormalities and tall R wave left.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides estimates of the prevalences of ECG findings in a large population of Chinese adults. Gender, age, CVD risk factors and history of cardiovascular\/cerebrovascular diseases were significantly associated with ECG abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01698-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T08:02:41Z","timestamp":1599811361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalences and associated factors of electrocardiographic abnormalities in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.6.625","volume":"84","author":"D De Bacquer","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Kornitzer M. Prevalences of ECG findings in large population based samples of men and women. Heart. 2000;84(6):625\u201333.","journal-title":"Heart."},{"issue":"10","key":"1698_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.08.004","volume":"112","author":"P Denes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Denes P, Garside DB, Lloyd-Jones D, Gouskova N, Soliman EZ, Ostfeld R, et al. Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and their association with underlying cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Hispanics\/Latinos (from the Hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos). Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(10):1667\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1698_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.03.043","volume":"119","author":"MM Pinto-Filho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinto-Filho MM, Brant LCC, Foppa M, Garcia-Silva KB, Mendes de Oliveira RA, de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca M, et al. Major Electrocardiographic abnormalities according to the Minnesota coding system among Brazilian adults (from the ELSA-Brasil cohort study). Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(12):2081\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(88)80016-0","volume":"12","author":"YL Liao","year":"1988","unstructured":"Liao YL, Liu KA, Dyer A, Schoenberger JA, Shekelle RB, Colette P, et al. Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and risk of death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes in men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12(6):1494\u2013500.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1698_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.9.978","volume":"297","author":"P Denes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Denes P, Larson JC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Prineas RJ, Greenland P. Major and minor ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic women and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Jama. 2007;297(9):978\u201385.","journal-title":"Jama."},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00600.x","volume":"10","author":"L Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin L, Chen G, Zou X, Zhao J, Zhu F, Tu M, et al. Diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risks on Minnesota code-indicated major electrocardiogram abnormality among Chinese: a cross-sectional diabetic study in Fujian province, Southeast China. Obes Rev. 2009;10(4):420\u201330.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1698_CR7","first-page":"709","volume":"26","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu YF, Chen KP, Li X, Zhang X, Xie GQ, et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in China and its risk factors. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;26(9):709\u201316.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1698_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908292","volume":"362","author":"W Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(12):1090\u2013101.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"1698_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.065904","volume":"125","author":"W Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang W, Xiao J, Yang Z, Ji L, Jia W, Weng J, et al. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in Chinese men and women. Circulation. 2012;125(18):2212\u201321.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"14","key":"1698_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.434","volume":"307","author":"R Auer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Auer R, Bauer DC, Marques-Vidal P, Butler J, Min LJ, Cornuz J, et al. Association of major and minor ECG abnormalities with coronary heart disease events. Jama. 2012;307(14):1497\u2013505.","journal-title":"Jama."},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.1.146","volume":"65","author":"BL Cedres","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cedres BL, Liu K, Stamler J, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Berkson DM, et al. Independent contribution of electrocardiographic abnormalities to risk of death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes. Findings of three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Circulation. 1982;65(1):146\u201353.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.80.6.570","volume":"80","author":"D De Bacquer","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Kornitzer M, Blackburn H. Prognostic value of ECG findings for total, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease death in men and women. Heart. 1998;80(6):570\u20137.","journal-title":"Heart."},{"issue":"8","key":"1698_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.036","volume":"97","author":"DB Machado","year":"2006","unstructured":"Machado DB, Crow RS, Boland LL, Hannan PJ, Taylor HA Jr, Folsom AR. Electrocardiographic findings and incident coronary heart disease among participants in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(8):1176\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.6.2685","volume":"88","author":"SE Sutherland","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sutherland SE, Gazes PC, Keil JE, Gilbert GE, Knapp RG. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and 30-year mortality among white and black men of the Charleston heart study. Circulation. 1993;88(6):2685\u201392.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2010.02.001","volume":"43","author":"JA Walsh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walsh JA, Prineas R, Daviglus ML, Ning H, Liu K, Lewis CE, et al. Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in a middle-aged, biracial population: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. J Electrocardiol. 2010;43(5):385.e1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1698_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.11.061","volume":"109","author":"RJ Prineas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prineas RJ, Le A, Soliman EZ, Zhang ZM, Howard VJ, Ostchega Y, et al. United States national prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in black and white middle-age (45- to 64-year) and older (>\/=65-year) adults (from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study). Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(8):1223\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1698_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20053","volume":"30","author":"MV Perez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perez MV, Yaw TS, Myers J, Froelicher VF. Prognostic value of the computerized ECG in Hispanics. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30(4):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1698_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.05.038","volume":"128","author":"CC Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu CC, Yeh WT, Crow RS, Bai CH, Pan WH. Comparison of electrocardiographic findings and associated risk factors between Taiwan Chinese and US white adults. Int J Cardiol. 2008;128(2):224\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"1698_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)91231-R","volume":"69","author":"CD Furberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Furberg CD, Manolio TA, Psaty BM, Bild DE, Borhani NO, Newman A, et al. Major electrocardiographic abnormalities in persons aged 65 years and older (the cardiovascular health study). Cardiovascular health study collaborative research group. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69(16):1329\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.40.6.636","volume":"40","author":"G Rose","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rose G, Baxter PJ, Reid DD, McCartney P. Prevalence and prognosis of electrocardiographic findings in middle-aged men. Br Heart J. 1978;40(6):636\u201343.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2018.1509120","volume":"52","author":"Z Mandalenakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mandalenakis Z, Lennartsson ST, Fu M, Lappas G, Li S, Rosengren A, et al. The incidence of atrial fibrillation and the added value of thumb ECG for detecting new cases. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2018;52(5):256\u201361.","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005155","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005155","volume":"6","author":"DA Lane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lane DA, Skj\u00f8th F, Lip GYH, Larsen TB, Kotecha D. Temporal Trends in Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Atrial Fibrillation in Primary Care. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(5):e005155.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1698_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2004.19.3.171","volume":"19","author":"JH Jeong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeong JH, Kim JH, Park YH, Han DC, Hwang KW, Lee DW, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for bundle branch block in adults older than 40 years. Korean J Intern Med. 2004;19(3):171\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.114.002094","volume":"7","author":"A Bardai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bardai A, Blom MT, van Hoeijen DA, van Deutekom HW, Brouwer HJ, Tan HL. Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for ventricular fibrillation: a large-scale population-based case-control study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(6):1033\u20139.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309993","volume":"103","author":"NY Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan NY, Choy CC. Screening for atrial fibrillation in 13 122 Hong Kong citizens with smartphone electrocardiogram. Heart. 2017;103(1):24\u201331.","journal-title":"Heart."},{"issue":"3","key":"1698_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/14017430600746268","volume":"40","author":"JE Otterstad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Otterstad JE, Kirwan BA, Lubsen J, De Brouwer S, Fox KA, Corell P, et al. Incidence and outcome of atrial fibrillation in stable symptomatic coronary disease. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2006;40(3):152\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"issue":"10","key":"1698_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)91053-3","volume":"61","author":"A Cameron","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cameron A, Schwartz MJ, Kronmal RA, Kosinski AS. Prevalence and significance of atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease (CASS registry). Am J Cardiol. 1988;61(10):714\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1698_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021328","volume":"347","author":"DG Wyse","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1825\u201333.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1698_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316682349","volume":"24","author":"M Proietti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Proietti M, Mairesse GH, Goethals P, Scavee C, Vijgen J, Blankoff I, et al. Cerebrovascular disease, associated risk factors and antithrombotic therapy in a population screening cohort: insights from the Belgian heart rhythm week programme. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(3):328\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1698_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.983","volume":"22","author":"PA Wolf","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke. 1991;22(8):983\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579","volume":"117","author":"RB D'Agostino Sr","year":"2008","unstructured":"D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743\u201353.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"6","key":"1698_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016","volume":"113","author":"P Poirier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association scientific statement on obesity and heart disease from the obesity Committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898\u2013918.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0642-y","volume":"17","author":"T Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li T, Chen S, Guo X, Yang J, Sun Y. Impact of hypertension with or without diabetes on left ventricular remodeling in rural Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):206.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1698_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12887","volume":"74","author":"C Cuspidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuspidi C, Facchetti R, Quarti-Trevano F, Sala C, Tadic M, Grassi G, et al. Incident left ventricular hypertrophy in masked hypertension. Hypertension. 2019;74(1):56\u201362.","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000882","volume":"34","author":"AO Lehtonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lehtonen AO, Puukka P, Varis J, Porthan K, Tikkanen JT, Nieminen MS, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of ECG abnormalities in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. J Hypertens. 2016;34(5):959\u201366.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"1698_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028441","volume":"136","author":"EZ Soliman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soliman EZ, Ambrosius WT, Cushman WC, Zhang ZM, Bates JT, Neyra JA, et al. Effect of intensive blood pressure lowering on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: SPRINT (systolic blood pressure intervention trial). Circulation. 2017;136(5):440\u201350.","journal-title":"Circulation."}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-020-01698-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-020-01698-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-020-01698-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T19:23:20Z","timestamp":1631301800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-020-01698-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-020-01698-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-28222\/v4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-28222\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-28222\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-28222\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of China-Japan Friendship Hospital and the ethics committee of local institutions. The secondary objectives of the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders study included the analysis of ECG abnormalities which was approved during the original ethical review.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"414"}}