{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:43:32Z","timestamp":1789152212583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is currently recognized as a promising biomarker for myocardial fibrosis. This study aimed to explore the potential association between plasma Gal-3 concentrations and atrial fibrillation (AF) progression in paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 213 PAF patients were included for analysis in this study. All peripheral blood samples were prospectively collected and stored at -80\u2103 for subsequent Gal-3 quantification. The AF progression was defined as transformation from PAF to persistent AF (PsAF).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 51 PAF patients progressed to PsAF during a mean follow-up period of 674.44\u2009\u00b1\u200919.48\u00a0days. Patients with AF progression had significantly higher baseline plasma Gal-3 concentrations than those stayed in PAF status (13.52\u2009\u00b1\u20090.94 vs. 7.93\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). All PAF patients were divided into two subgroups based on the median value of plasma Gal-3 concentrations. Kaplan\u2013Meier curve analysis showed a significantly higher AF progression rate in the higher plasma Gal-3 concentration group (log-rank test <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the Cox regression analysis, plasma Gal-3 concentration and left atrial diameter (LAD) were showed significantly associated with AF progression, even after adjustment of other potential confounding risk factors. Discrimination for AF progression with a simple model which consists of plasma Gal-3 concentration and LAD was modest with a C-statistic 0.72 (95%CI 0.64\u20130.80). Plasma Gal-3 concentration significantly improved the predictability by appropriately reclassifying several patients with progression (NRI\u2009=\u200928.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Elevated plasma Gal-3 concentration is significantly associated with AF progression from PAF to PsAF. Plasma Gal-3 concentration could be used for PAF progression risk stratification and guiding management for PAF patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02043-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T13:17:32Z","timestamp":1620047852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Plasma Galectin-3 is associated with progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianran","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanfeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"38","key":"2043_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw210","volume":"37","author":"P Kirchhof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. 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