{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:31:26Z","timestamp":1789608686507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["129245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is becoming more prevalent in pregnant women though not much data is available for pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Foetoplacental vascular endothelial dysfunction is thought to be at the origin of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity later on in life. Because HIV and anti-retroviral treatment (ARTs) are associated with endothelial dysfunction, children exposed in utero to these conditions may be at greater risk of developing CVDs. Despite the high prevalence of HIV in pregnant South African women, little is known about the effects of ART on the cardiovascular health of the mother and offspring. Hence, the proposed study intends to investigate how HIV\/ARTs may affect the cardiovascular health of the mother and offspring at different time points during the pregnancy and up to 2\u00a0years after birth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A longitudinal case\u2013control study in HIV positive pregnant women on ART and HIV negative pregnant women will be conducted. All pregnant women will be assessed for cardio-metabolic risk factors and markers (lipids, anthropometric and glycaemic indies, oxidative stress), hemodynamic status (blood pressure parameters) and vascular function (arterial compliance,  retinal microvasculature, uterine artery mean pulsatility index). Child health will be monitored in utero and postnatally via routine foetal health screening, placental integrity, anthropometry, blood pressure parameters, markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function in cord blood and cardiovascular epigenetic markers in urine.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is a paucity of studies in South Africa and sub-Sahara Africa as a whole that utilised a longitudinal study model to assess the effects of ARTs on vascular endothelial changes in pregnant women living with HIV and the cardiometabolic health of their offspring. This study will therefore help to monitor changes in cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy and in children exposed in utero to HIV-infection and ART use. Findings from this study will provide useful information for developing guidelines on the use of ARTs in pregnancy and management of cardiometabolic health of the offspring of HIV positive mothers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02130-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T12:03:23Z","timestamp":1625054603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of the impact of HIV infection and anti-retroviral treatment on the cardiometabolic health of pregnant mothers and their offspring (ARTMOMSBABES)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4805-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedicta Ngwenchi","family":"Nkeh-Chungag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwill Azeh","family":"Engwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Businge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mziwohlanga","family":"Mdondolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdevy","family":"Pajaro Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandu","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2130_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs).World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). Accessed 11 Aug 2020."},{"key":"2130_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amani R, Sharifi N. Cardiovascular disease risk factors, the cardiovascular system\u2014physiology, diagnostics and clinical implications, David C. Gaze, IntechOpen, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/34374. 2012. https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/the-cardiovascular-system-physiology-diagnostics-and-clinical-implications\/cardiovascular-risk-factors.","DOI":"10.5772\/34374"},{"key":"2130_CR3","unstructured":"Shisana O, Labadarios D, Rehle T, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Dhansay A, et al. South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). Cape Town: Health Sciences Research Council, 2013."},{"key":"2130_CR4","unstructured":"WHF. Factsheet: Cardiovascular Diseases in South Africa. World Heart Federation (WHF). 2017. https:\/\/www.world-heart-federation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Cardiovascular_diseases_in_South_Africa.pdf. Accessed 14 Aug 2020."},{"key":"2130_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"cvaa245","author":"JD Theuerle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Theuerle JD, Al-Fiadh AH, Islam FMA, Patel SK, Burrell LM, Wong TY, et al. Impaired retinal microvascular function predicts long-term adverse events in patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;cvaa245:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2130_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.05.030","volume":"123","author":"BR McClintic","year":"2010","unstructured":"McClintic BR, McClintic JI, Bisognano JD, Block RC. The relationship between retinal microvascular abnormalities and coronary heart disease: a review. Am J Med. 2010;123:e1\u2013374.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2130_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13123","volume":"74","author":"L Hos\u00e1k","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hos\u00e1k L, Zeman T, Studni\u010dka J, Stepanov A, Ustohal L, Michalec M, et al. Retinal arteriolar and venular diameters are widened in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74:619\u201321.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2130_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.02.006","volume":"124","author":"T Louwies","year":"2019","unstructured":"Louwies T, Int Panis L, Alders T, Bonn\u00e9 K, Goswami N, Nawrot TS, et al. Microvascular reactivity in rehabilitating cardiac patients based on measurements of retinal blood vessel diameters. Microvasc Res. 2019;124:25\u20139.","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2130_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13765","volume":"96","author":"AW Vaes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaes AW, Spruit MA, Theunis J, Goswami N, Vanfleteren LE, Franssen FME, et al. Looking into the eye of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an opportunity for better microvascular profiling of these complex patients. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(6):539\u201354.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2130_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i6.10721","volume":"106","author":"H Strijdom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strijdom H, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Goswami N. HIV\/AIDS: emerging threat to cardiovascular health in sub-Saharan Africa. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(6):537\u2013537.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2130_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019664","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019664","volume":"8","author":"UE Ekrikpo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ekrikpo UE, Akpan EE, Ekott JU, Bello AK, Okpechi IG, Kengne AP. Prevalence and correlates of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Nigerian ART-naive HIV population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e019664.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2130_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2158-y","volume":"17","author":"H Strijdom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strijdom H, De Boever P, Walzl G, Essop MF, Nawrot TS, Webster I, Westcott C, Mashele N, Everson F, Malherbe ST, Stanley K, Kessler HH, Stelzl E, Goswami N. Cardiovascular risk and endothelial function in people living with HIV\/AIDS: design of the multi-site, longitudinal EndoAfrica study in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):41\u201341.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2130_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022288","volume":"6","author":"GS Bloomfield","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bloomfield GS, Hogan JW, Keter A, Sang E, Carter EJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Hypertension and obesity as cardiovascular risk factors among HIV seropositive patients in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7):e22288.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2130_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit652","volume":"58","author":"KA Armah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armah KA, Chang CC, Baker JV, Ramachandran VS, Budoff MJ, Crane HM, et al. Veterans aging cohort study (VACS) project team. Prehypertension, hypertension, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in HIV-infected and -uninfected veterans. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:121\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2130_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25274","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25274","volume":"22","author":"EP Hyle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hyle EP, Bekker LG, Martey EB, Huang M, Xu A, Parker RA, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors among ART-experienced people with HIV in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(4):e25274.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i3.9837","volume":"106","author":"DR Prakaschandra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prakaschandra DR, Esterhuizen TM, Motala AA, Gathiram P, Naidoo DP. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Durban South African Indians: the Phoenix Lifestyle Project. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(3):284\u20139.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030392","volume":"10","author":"BN Nkeh-Chungag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nkeh-Chungag BN, Goswami N, Engwa GA, Sewani-Rusike CR, Mbombela V, Webster I, et al. Relationship between endothelial function, antiretroviral treatment and cardiovascular risk factors in HIV patients of African descent in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(3):392.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2130_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05173-6","volume":"20","author":"CMT Fourie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fourie CMT, Botha-Le Roux S, Smith W, Schutte AE, Breet Y, Mels CMC, et al. Vascular function and cardiovascular risk in a HIV infected and HIV free cohort of African ancestry: baseline profile, rationale and methods of the longitudinal EndoAfrica-NWU study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):473\u2013473.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2130_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14657","volume":"286","author":"C Marincowitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marincowitz C, Genis A, Goswami N, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Strijdom H. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in the wake of HIV and ART. FEBS J. 2019;286(7):1256\u201370.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2130_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smit M, Brinkman K, Geerlings S, Smit C, Thyagarajan K, Sighem AV, et al. Future challenges for clinical care of an ageing population infected with HIV: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(7):810\u20138. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(9):998.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00056-0"},{"key":"2130_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00341","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003411","volume":"5","author":"MS Freiberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freiberg MS, So-Armah K. HIV and cardiovascular disease: we need a mechanism, and we need a plan. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e00341.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"22","key":"2130_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2978","volume":"289","author":"SA Riddler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, Li R, Chmiel JS, Dobs A, et al. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA. 2003;289(22):2978\u201382.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2130_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201404","volume":"13","author":"CA Dimala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dimala CA, Blencowe H, Choukem SP. The association between antiretroviral therapy and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0201404.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2130_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh013","volume":"53","author":"L Calza","year":"2004","unstructured":"Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Dyslipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(1):10\u20134.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2130_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000222074.45372.00","volume":"20","author":"HM Crane","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006;20:1019\u201326.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"2130_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1913615","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.13615","volume":"2","author":"KNV Bush","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bush KNV, Teel JL, Watts JA, Gore RS, Alvarado G, Harper NL, et al. Association of endothelial dysfunction and antiretroviral therapy in early HIV infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1913615.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2130_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2013.01.003","volume":"3","author":"K Luzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luzi K, Eckard AR, Lattanzi A, Zona S, Modena MG, Facchinetti F, et al. Effects of pregnancy on endothelial function and cardiovascular disease risk in HIV-infected women. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2013;3(2):105\u201310.","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"issue":"15","key":"2130_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153728","volume":"20","author":"T Naicker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naicker T, Phoswa WN, Onyangunga OA, Gathiram P, Moodley J. Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and the immune response in South African preeclamptic women receiving HAART. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3728.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2130_CR29","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fact sheet 2016: Global statistics 2015. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. 2016. http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf."},{"key":"2130_CR30","volume-title":"South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey, 2012","author":"O Shisana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shisana O, Rehle T, Simbayi LC, Zuma K, Jooste S, Zungu N, et al. South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey, 2012. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2014."},{"issue":"7","key":"2130_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2013.06.003","volume":"23","author":"WT Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts WT, Adamson D. Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy. Obstetr Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2013;23(7):195\u2013201.","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynaecol Reprod Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2130_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.12.011","volume":"32","author":"L Sobrevia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sobrevia L, Abarz\u00faa F, Nien JK, Salom\u00f3n C, Westermeier F, Puebla C, et al. Review: Differential placental macrovascular and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes. Placenta. 2011;32(2):S159\u201364.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2130_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349286","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/349286","volume":"2011","author":"A Leiva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leiva A, Pardo F, Ram\u00edrez MA, Far\u00edas M, Casanello P, Sobrevia L. Fetoplacental vascular endothelial dysfunction as an early phenomenon in the programming of human adult diseases in subjects born from gestational diabetes mellitus or obesity in pregnancy. Exp Diabetes Res. 2011;2011:349286.","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2130_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","volume":"261","author":"DJ Barker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barker DJ. The origins of the developmental origins theory. J Intern Med. 2007;261(5):412\u20137.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2130_CR35","first-page":"165","volume":"7","author":"AR Albu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Albu AR, Anca AF, Horhoianu VV, Horhoianu IA. Predictive factors for intrauterine growth restriction. J Med Life. 2014;7:165\u201371.","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"2130_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"H Mohammadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammadi H, Papp E, Cahill L, Rennie M, Banko N, Pinnaduwage L, et al. HIV antiretroviral exposure in pregnancy induces detrimental placenta vascular changes that are rescued by progesterone supplementation. Sci Rep. 2018;26(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2130_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-018-0201-6","volume":"7","author":"A Chawla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chawla A, Wang C, Patton C, Murray M, Punekar Y, de Ruiter A, et al. A review of long-term toxicity of antiretroviral treatment regimens and implications for an aging population. Infect Dis Ther. 2018;7(2):183\u201395.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2130_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029858","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029858","volume":"9","author":"JR Nansseu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nansseu JR, Kameni BS, Assah FK, Bigna JJ, Petnga S-J, Tounouga DN, et al. Prevalence of major cardiovascular disease risk factors among a group of sub-Saharan African young adults: a population-based cross-sectional study in Yaound\u00e9. Cameroon BMJ Open. 2019;9:e029858.","journal-title":"Cameroon. BMJ Open"},{"key":"2130_CR39","unstructured":"CESAR. South Africa Global AIDS monitoring report. Center for Statistical Analysis and Research (CESAR), Johannesburg, South Africa. 2019. https:\/\/sanac.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Global-AIDS-Report-2018.pdf."},{"key":"2130_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"C Marincowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marincowitz C, Webster I, Westcott C, Goswami N, de Boever P, Seidel G, et al. Vascular health assessment with flow-mediated dilatation and retinal image analysis: a pilot study in an adult population from Cape Town. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2020;31:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"key":"2130_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542567","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.542567","volume":"7","author":"PY Chia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chia PY, Teo A, Yeo TW. Overview of the assessment of endothelial function in humans. Front Med. 2020;7:542567.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e042955","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042955","volume":"11","author":"BP Letswalo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Letswalo BP, Schmid-Zalaudek K, Brix B, Matjuda EN, Klosz F, Obernhumer N, et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors and early indicators of vascular dysfunction: a cross-sectional cohort study in South African adolescents. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e042955\u2013e042955.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2130_CR43","unstructured":"Stewart A, Marfell-Jones M. International standards for anthropometric assessment. 2011th edn. New Zealand: Lower Hunt; 2011."},{"issue":"5","key":"2130_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000087","volume":"73","author":"P Muntner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, Charleston JB, Gaillard T, Misra S, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertens. 2019;73(5):e35\u201366.","journal-title":"Hypertens"},{"key":"2130_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artres.2017.12.001","volume":"21","author":"N Cauwenberghs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cauwenberghs N, Heyrman Y, Thijs L, Yang W-Y, Wei F-F, Zhang Z-Y, et al. Flow-mediated slowing of brachial-radial pulse wave velocity: methodological aspects and clinical determinants. Artery Res. 2018;21:29\u201337.","journal-title":"Artery Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"2130_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132284","volume":"16","author":"F Everson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Everson F, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Goswami N, Mthethwa M, Webster I, et al. Personal NO2 and volatile organic compounds exposure levels are associated with markers of cardiovascular risk in women in the Cape Town Region of South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2284.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.3.143.16049","volume":"27","author":"MD Knudtson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Hubbard LD, Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters. Curr Eye Res. 2003;27(3):143\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"2130_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.103937","volume":"128","author":"W Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith W, Kotliar KE, Lammertyn L, Ramoshaba NE, Vilser W, Huisman HW, et al. Retinal vessel caliber and caliber responses in true normotensive black and white adults: the African-PREDICT study. Microvasc Res. 2020;128:103937.","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"2130_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2130_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7496-4","volume":"19","author":"CE Agu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agu CE, Uchendu IK, Nsonwu AC, Okwuosa CN, Achukwu PU. Prevalence and associated risk factors of peripheral artery disease in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Kwara state, Nigeria: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1143.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059551","volume":"8","author":"C Bavinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bavinger C, Bendavid E, Niehaus K, Olshen RA, Olkin I, Sundaram V, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e59551.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328329c62f","volume":"4","author":"JV Baker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baker JV, Henry WK, Neaton JD. The consequences of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy use for cardiovascular disease risk: shifting paradigms. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009;4(3):176\u201382.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"2130_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010034","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2010.034","volume":"2","author":"DK de Gaetano","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Gaetano DK, Cauda R, Iacoviello L. HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular risk. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2010;2(3):2010034.","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2130_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/children7040025","volume":"7","author":"EN Matjuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Letswalo PB, Mungamba MM, Sewani-Rusike CR, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Association of hypertension and obesity with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in Children Aged 6\u20139 years old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Children. 2020;7(4):25.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"2130_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/children7090131","volume":"7","author":"EN Matjuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matjuda EN, Sewani-Rusike CR, Anye SNC, Engwa GA, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Relationship between high blood pressure and microalbuminuria in children aged 6\u20139 years in a South African population. Children. 2020;7:131.","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"8","key":"2130_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i8.12271","volume":"107","author":"A Mudi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mudi A, Dickens C, Levy C, Ballot D. Cardiovascular risk factors and mortality in children with chronic kidney disease. S Afr Med J. 2017;107(8):710\u20134.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2130_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2016.12.013","volume":"36","author":"MI Fraporti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fraporti MI, Adami FS, Rosolen MD. Cardiovascular risk factors in children. Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36(10):699\u2013705.","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2130_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00713-1","volume":"45","author":"C Reisinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reisinger C, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Fredriksen PM, Goswami N. The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome-a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45(1):12\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2130_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S124291","volume":"13","author":"MA Sekokotla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sekokotla MA, Goswami N, Sewani-Rusike CR, Iputo JE, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents living in Mthatha, South Africa. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13(4):131\u20137.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"2130_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020354","volume":"10","author":"EN Matjuda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Anye SNC, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Goswami N. Cardiovascular risk factors and their relationship with vascular dysfunction in South African children of African ancestry. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):354.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-021-02130-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-021-02130-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-021-02130-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T12:08:14Z","timestamp":1625054894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-021-02130-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-021-02130-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical consent and permission to carry out the research project was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (HRSEC) at Walter Sisulu University (WSU) 017\/2020.  The study was also approved by the Eastern Cape provincial Department of Health, South Africa. Pregnant women who will be willing to participate in the study will be required to sign informed consent forms to participate in the study and to allow their children to participate in the study from birth.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"322"}}