{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T03:46:43Z","timestamp":1778125603950,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Commotio cordis is an event in which a blunt, non-penetrating blow to the chest occurs, triggering a life-threatening arrhythmia and often sudden death. This phenomenon is often seen in young, male athletes and has become increasingly well-known over the past few decades. We present a unique case in which ventricular fibrillation occurs in an older male athlete after blunt trauma.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patient with no known medical history was brought to the ER after being found unconscious after a soccer ball kick to the chest. He was found to be in ventricular fibrillation and successfully resuscitated on the soccer field. Patient was admitted to the hospital and lab workup and initial imaging were unremarkable, except elevated troponin and lactate, which returned to normal levels. An echocardiogram showed global left ventricular systolic dysfunction with a visually estimated ejection fraction of 45\u201350%. Coronary showed angiographically nonobstructive coronary arteries. The patient was diagnosed with commotio cordis and discharged from the hospital in stable condition. Follow-up echocardiogram continued to show low ejection fraction and event monitor demonstrated frequent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with periods of asystole.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case is unique in that blunt trauma to the chest from a soccer ball immediately triggered ventricular fibrillation in a patient with a possible cardiomyopathy. It is possible that the blunt trauma caused primary commotio cordis that led to cardiomyopathy in a previous healthy man, or that an underlying cardiomyopathy made it more likely for this to occur. Overall, increased awareness and prevention efforts of blunt chest trauma are required to reduce the high mortality associated life-threatening arrhythmias. There is limited data regarding the interplay between these two entities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02689-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T16:05:42Z","timestamp":1654272342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ventricular fibrillation arrest after blunt chest trauma in a 33-year-old man, commotio cordis?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8884-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeid","family":"Nesheiwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fnu","family":"Zafrullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"Eltahawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.111.962712","volume":"5","author":"MS Link","year":"2012","unstructured":"Link MS. Commotio cordis ventricular fibrillation triggered by chest impact induced abnormalities in repolarization. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(2):425\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circep.111.962712.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2689_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910111","volume":"362","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maron BJ. Estes N3. Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(10):917\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra0910111.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2689_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1142","volume":"287","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes M, Link MS. Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA. 2002;287(9):1142\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.9.1142.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2689_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382504","volume":"338","author":"MS Link","year":"1998","unstructured":"Link MS, Wang PJ, Pandian NG, et al. An experimental model of sudden death due to low-energy chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1805\u201311.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2689_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01142-6","volume":"37","author":"MS Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link MS, Maron BJ, VanderBrink BA, et al. Impact directly over the cardiac silhouette is necessary to produce ventricular fibrillation in an experimental model of commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:649\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2689_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02669-4","volume":"41","author":"MS Link","year":"2003","unstructured":"Link MS, Maron BJ, Wang PJ, Van der Brink BA, Zhu W, Estes NA III. Upper and lower limits of vulnerability to sudden arrhythmic death with chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:99\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"2689_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-014-0495","volume":"16","author":"MS Link","year":"2014","unstructured":"Link MS. Pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of commotion cordis. 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