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We performed the meta-analysis using Stata 11.2 software (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). So, we used standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to compare the biomarker level between patients and healthy controls. The I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and Cochran\u2019s Q tests were adopted to determine the heterogeneity of the included studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, 29 articles with 3480 participants (1855 with CSX and 1625 healthy controls) were included in the analysis. There was a significantly higher level of NLR (SMD\u2009=\u20090.85, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.55\u20131.15, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200989.0\u00a0%), CRP (SMD\u2009=\u20090.69, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.38 to 1.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), IL-6 (SMD\u2009=\u20095.70, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.91 to 9.50, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), TNF-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> (SMD\u2009=\u20093.78, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.63 to 6.92, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019), and PLR (SMD\u2009=\u20091.38, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.50 to 2.28, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) in the CSX group in comparison with healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study showed that CSX leads to a significant increase in inflammatory biomarkers, including NLR, CRP, IL-6, TNF-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>, and PLR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03939-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:03:06Z","timestamp":1716901386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Inflammatory biomarkers in cardiac syndrome X: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yuexia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshin","family":"Ghaedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pouria","family":"Azami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Nabipoorashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed Bazrafshan","family":"Drissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Amin","family":"Dezfouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Sarejloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Lucke-Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cerillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monireh","family":"Khanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shokoufeh","family":"Khanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3939_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/113196","volume":"55","author":"M Piegza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piegza M, Wierzba D, Piegza J. 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