{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:01:39Z","timestamp":1792681299016,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04319-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T22:08:54Z","timestamp":1731535734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing the causal associations of atrial fibrillation with serum uric acid level and gout: insights from a bidirectional mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shoulong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengfeng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4319_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.02.016","volume":"224","author":"DB DeLurgio","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeLurgio DB, Ferguson E, Gill J, et al. Convergence of Epicardial and Endocardial RF ablation for the treatment of Symptomatic Persistent AF (CONVERGE trial): Rationale and design. Am Heart J. 2020;224:182\u201391.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"4319_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J, Lou L, Zhang X et al. The Relationship between Uric Acid and the Development, Complication, and Prognosis of Atrial Fibrillation: The Views from a Clinical Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2022. 2022: 9355504.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9355504"},{"key":"4319_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151575","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1151575","volume":"10","author":"T Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun T, Ye M, Lei F, et al. Prevalence and trend of atrial fibrillation and its associated risk factors among the population from nationwide health check-up centers in China, 2012\u20132017. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1151575.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4319_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027089","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027089","volume":"12","author":"M Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding M, Viet NN, Gigante B, Lind V, Hammar N, Modig K. Elevated uric acid is Associated with New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: results from the Swedish AMORIS cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(3):e027089.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"4319_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604795","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.604795","volume":"7","author":"Z Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Z, Xu K, Hu X, et al. A study of cardiogenic stroke risk in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:604795.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4319_CR6","first-page":"641","volume":"12","author":"HT Liao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liao HT, Liu FZ, Xue YM, et al. Predictive value of serum uric acid on left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2015;12(6):641\u20136.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4319_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099102","volume":"9","author":"VC Kok","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kok VC, Horng JT, Chang WS, Hong YF, Chang TH. Allopurinol therapy in gout patients does not associate with beneficial cardiovascular outcomes: a population-based matched-cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e99102.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4319_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.268","volume":"231","author":"M Kuwabara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishihara S, et al. Hyperuricemia is an independent competing risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2017;231:137\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4319_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019037","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019037","volume":"7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Xia Y, Han X, et al. Association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional community-based study in China. BMJ Open. 2017;7(12):e019037.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4319_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937770","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.937770","volume":"10","author":"CD Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan CD, Liu JZ, Zheng YP, Li ZJ, Zhou SX. Left atrial enlargement and high uric acid level are risk factors for left atrial thrombus or dense spontaneous echo contrast in atrial fibrillation patients with low to moderate embolic risk assessed by CHA(2)DS(2)-VAS(C) score. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:937770.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4319_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.11.011","volume":"170","author":"TF Chao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chao TF, Liu CJ, Chen SJ, et al. Hyperuricemia and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation\u2013could it refine clinical risk stratification in AF. Int J Cardiol. 2014;170(3):344\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"R1","key":"4319_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(R1):R89\u201398.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"16","key":"4319_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf B, et al. Strengthening the reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology using mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR Statement. JAMA. 2021;326(16):1614\u201321.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"4319_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4319_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034","volume":"46","author":"OO Yavorska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yavorska OO, Burgess S. MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1734\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"R2","key":"4319_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R195","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy163","volume":"27","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani G, Bowden J, Davey Smith G. Evaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in mendelian randomization studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27(R2):R195\u2013208.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"4319_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","volume":"362","author":"NM Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:k601.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4319_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","volume":"46","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartwig FP, Davey Smith G, Bowden J. Robust inference in summary data mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1985\u201398.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4319_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","volume":"32","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4319_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4319_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"4319_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710895","volume":"378","author":"WB White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in patients with gout. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(13):1200\u201310.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"4319_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070660","volume":"26","author":"ME Kleber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kleber ME, Delgado G, Grammer TB, et al. Uric Acid and Cardiovascular events: a mendelian randomization study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(11):2831\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4319_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13300","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13300","volume":"50","author":"M Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong M, Park JW, Yang PS, et al. A mendelian randomization analysis: the causal association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(10):e13300.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4319_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582680","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.582680","volume":"11","author":"W Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu W, Cheng JD. Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Disease: an update from molecular mechanism to clinical perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:582680.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4319_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770802138558","volume":"27","author":"YY Sautin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sautin YY, Johnson RJ. Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2008;27(6):608\u201319.","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"2","key":"4319_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2012.747677","volume":"47","author":"I Pape\u017e\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pape\u017e\u00edkov\u00e1 I, Pekarov\u00e1 M, Kol\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 H, et al. Uric acid modulates vascular endothelial function through the down regulation of nitric oxide production. Free Radic Res. 2013;47(2):82\u20138.","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4319_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-017-0483-0","volume":"18","author":"A Klisic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klisic A, Kocic G, Kavaric N, Jovanovic M, Stanisic V, Ninic A. Xanthine oxidase and uric acid as independent predictors of albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Clin Exp Med. 2018;18(2):283\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4319_CR29","first-page":"512","volume":"49","author":"GL Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang GL, Yuan HM, Wang ZF, et al. [Soluble Uric Acid activates NLRP3 inflammasome in myocardial cells through down-regulating UCP2]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018;49(4):512\u20137.","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"4319_CR30","unstructured":"Kim SK, Choe JY, Park KY. Anti-inflammatory effect of artemisinin on uric acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through blocking interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., Taufiq F, Maharani N, Li P et al. Uric Acid-Induced Enhancements of Kv1.5 Protein Expression and Channel Activity via the Akt-HSF1-Hsp70 Pathway in HL-1 Atrial Myocytes. Circ J. 2019. 83(4): 718\u2013726."},{"issue":"6","key":"4319_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161118666191217123930","volume":"18","author":"F Cortese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cortese F, et al. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(6):610\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4319_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-18-1088","volume":"83","author":"F Taufiq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taufiq F, Maharani N, Li P, et al., et al. Uric Acid-Induced Enhancements of Kv1.5 protein expression and Channel Activity via the Akt-HSF1-Hsp70 pathway in HL-1 atrial myocytes. Circ J. 2019;83(4):718\u201326.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"4319_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106565","volume":"120","author":"F Cortese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cortese F, et al. Vascul Pharmacol. 2019;120:106565.","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Sep\u2013Oct","key":"4319_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2023.05.001","volume":"80","author":"M Karakayali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karakayali M, Artac I, Omar T, et al. Assessment of the efficacy of the electrocardiographic P-wave peak time in predicting atrial high rate episode in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. J Electrocardiol. 2023;80(Sep\u2013Oct):40\u20134.","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4319_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.14744\/AnatolJCardiol.2023.3616","volume":"28","author":"CY Karabay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karabay CY, Tasolar H, UIgen Kunak A, et al. Turkish real life Atrial Fibrillation in Clinical Practice: TRAFFIC study. Anatol J Cardiol. 2024;28(2):87\u201393.","journal-title":"Anatol J Cardiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-024-04319-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-024-04319-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-024-04319-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T23:04:01Z","timestamp":1731539041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-024-04319-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-024-04319-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval from patients were obtained in the original studies and no further ethical approval is required for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of competing interest"}}],"article-number":"638"}}