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This study systematically compares their prevalence, clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes to improve understanding and treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines across multiple databases up to 2024. STATA 17 was used for statistical analyses, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed to assess study quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One-hundred and twelve studies, including 5,908,768 patients, were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of MINOCA among patients undergoing coronary angiography was 8.92% (95% CI: 8.90\u20138.94). MINOCA patients were generally younger, predominantly female, and more likely to present with atypical chest pain and dyspnea compared to MIOCA patients. Laboratory findings showed higher levels of CRP, BNP, and fibrinogen in MINOCA patients, suggesting inflammation and microvascular dysfunction as key mechanisms. In contrast, MIOCA patients had higher rates of diabetes and dyslipidemia, highlighting differences in pathophysiological processes. Medication use differed between the groups, with MINOCA patients more likely to be prescribed anticoagulants and \u03b2-blockers. Prognostically, MINOCA patients experienced significantly lower rates of adverse short- and long-term outcomes, including major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and cardiovascular death, compared to MIOCA patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that patients with MINOCA have a better prognosis compared to those with MIOCA and are at a lower risk of serious cardiac events. Based on the findings of this study, we emphasize that microcirculation and vascular spasm are the main mechanisms involved in MINOCA. Considering these findings, it is suggested that a better management strategy for MINOCA patients can be established by precisely defining diagnostic criteria and focusing on anti-inflammatory treatments and risk factor control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04504-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T02:14:35Z","timestamp":1740795275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Understanding Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): a comprehensive meta-analysis of clinical characteristics, management, and prognosis compared to MI with the Obstructive Coronary Artery (MIOCA)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3169-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahid","family":"Khorasani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1819-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaser","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdiye","family":"Sarpoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6204-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toba","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3184-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Riahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5505\/kjms.2024.86300","volume":"14","author":"M Karakayal\u0131","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karakayal\u0131 M, et al. 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