{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:10:46Z","timestamp":1785795046247,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04525-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T14:33:26Z","timestamp":1738420406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The relationship between hypomagnesemia and ICU mortality in severe hemorrhagic stroke patients: an observational multicentre study on eICU database"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xinzhao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10154","key":"4525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31878-6","volume":"392","author":"C Cordonnier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cordonnier C, Demchuk A, Ziai W, Anderson CS. Intracerebral haemorrhage: current approaches to acute management. Lancet (London, England). 2018;392(10154):1257\u201368.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"4525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054098","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1054098","volume":"13","author":"F Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gu F, Zhao W, Duan X, Zhang Y, Luo X, Chen G, et al. Association of hypocalcemia with in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: A retrospective cohort study. Front Neurol. 2022;13:1054098.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.037155","volume":"54","author":"SN Ohashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohashi SN, DeLong JH, Kozberg MG, Mazur-Hart DJ, van Veluw SJ, Alkayed NJ, et al. Role of inflammatory processes in hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. 2023;54(2):605\u201319.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.01.001","volume":"34","author":"MG Bah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bah MG, Dowlati E, Fleigner M, Koduri S, Pandey A, Lin LY, et al. MR imaging-based biomarker development in hemorrhagic stroke patients including brain iron quantification, diffusion tensor imaging, and phenomenon of ultra-early erythrolysis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2024;34(2):215\u201324.","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"4525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.027","volume":"398","author":"M Jafari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jafari M, Di Napoli M, Lattanzi S, Mayer SA, Bachour S, Bershad EM, et al. Serum magnesium level and hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2019;398:39\u201344.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Dias DD, Komoni G, Name JJ. The integral role of magnesium in muscle integrity and aging: a comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2023;15(24).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245127"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004079","volume":"48","author":"EM Liotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liotta EM, Karmarkar A, Batra A, Kim M, Prabhakaran S, Naidech AM, et al. Magnesium and hemorrhage volume in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(1):104\u201310.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004633","volume":"48","author":"HM O'Halloran","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Halloran HM, Kwong K, Veldhoen RA, Maslove DM. Characterizing the patients, hospitals, and data quality of the eICU collaborative research database. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(12):1737\u201343.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"4525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510603","volume":"390","author":"RM Touyz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Touyz RM, de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ. Magnesium disorders. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(21):1998\u20132009.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02960906","volume":"2","author":"PC Pham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT. Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN. 2007;2(2):366\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0242-2","volume":"32","author":"SK Kunutsor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kunutsor SK, Whitehouse MR, Blom AW, Laukkanen JA. Low serum magnesium levels are associated with increased risk of fractures: a long-term prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(7):593\u2013603.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S42054","volume":"7","author":"PC Pham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pham PC, Pham PA, Pham SV, Pham PT, Pham PM, Pham PT. Hypomagnesemia: a clinical perspective. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7:219\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"key":"4525_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640785","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.640785","volume":"8","author":"Q Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Q, Zheng J, Chen W, Chen X, Wen D, Chen W, et al. Association between preadmission metformin use and outcomes in intensive care unit patients with sepsis and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Front Med. 2021;8:640785.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004249","volume":"89","author":"EM Liotta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liotta EM, Prabhakaran S, Sangha RS, Bush RA, Long AE, Trevick SA, et al. Magnesium, hemostasis, and outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2017;89(8):813\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012244","volume":"97","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larsson SC, Gill D. Association of serum magnesium levels with risk of intracranial aneurysm: a Mendelian randomization study. Neurology. 2021;97(4):e341\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac186","volume":"116","author":"E Helte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Helte E, S\u00e4ve-S\u00f6derbergh M, Larsson SC, \u00c5kesson A. Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke-a population-based cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116(4):1091\u2013100.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4525_CR17","first-page":"e15279","volume":"13","author":"R Paladiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paladiya R, Pitliya A, Choudhry AA, Kumar D, Ismail S, Abbas M, et al. Association of low magnesium level with duration and severity of type 2 diabetes. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e15279.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"4525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03670-7","volume":"84","author":"A Pitliya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pitliya A, Vasudevan SS, Batra V, Patel MB, Desai A, Nethagani S, et al. Global prevalence of hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus - a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Endocrine. 2024;84(3):842\u201351.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.251189","volume":"14","author":"JJ Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang JJ, Armonda R, Goyal N, Arthur AS. Magnesium: Pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic roles in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res. 2019;14(7):1116\u201321.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR20","first-page":"68","volume":"118","author":"JJ DiNicolantonio","year":"2021","unstructured":"DiNicolantonio JJ, O\u2019Keefe JH. Magnesium and Vitamin D deficiency as a potential cause of immune dysfunction, cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation in Covid-19 patients. Mo Med. 2021;118(1):68\u201373.","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402808","volume":"120","author":"AIS Sobczak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sobczak AIS, Phoenix FA, Pitt SJ, Ajjan RA, Stewart AJ. Reduced plasma magnesium levels in type-1 diabetes associate with prothrombotic changes in fibrin clotting and fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(2):243\u201352.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1351-9","volume":"187","author":"N Uysal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, Guvendi G, Kandis S, Koc B, et al. Timeline (Bioavailability) of magnesium compounds in hours: which magnesium compound works best? Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;187(1):128\u201336.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR23","first-page":"53","volume":"7","author":"X Nie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nie X, Sun X, Wang C, Yang J. Effect of magnesium ions\/Type I collagen promote the biological behavior of osteoblasts and its mechanism. Regen Biomater. 2020;7(1):53\u201361.","journal-title":"Regen Biomater"},{"key":"4525_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peth\u0151 \u00c1 G, Tapolyai M, Browne M, F\u00fcl\u00f6p T. Hypomagnesemia as a risk factor and accelerator for vascular aging in diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Metabolites. 2023;13(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020306"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR25","first-page":"16","volume":"32","author":"V Romeo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romeo V, Cazzaniga A, Maier JAM. Magnesium and the blood-brain barrier in vitro: effects on permeability and magnesium transport. Magnes Res. 2019;32(1):16\u201324.","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"4525_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.066","volume":"75","author":"M Schrag","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schrag M, Kirshner H. Management of intracerebral hemorrhage: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(15):1819\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"4525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roth M, Carlsson R, Buizza C, Enstr\u00f6m A, Paul G. Pericyte response to ischemic stroke precedes endothelial cell death and blood-brain barrier breakdown. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2024:271678x241261946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X241261946.","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241261946"},{"key":"4525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629297","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.629297","volume":"15","author":"L Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao L, Zhou Y, Chen M, Li L, Zhang W. Pericytes for therapeutic approaches to ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:629297.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00282","volume":"13","author":"LS Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown LS, Foster CG, Courtney JM, King NE, Howells DW, Sutherland BA. Pericytes and neurovascular function in the healthy and diseased brain. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:282.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049360","volume":"143","author":"H Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji H, Niiranen TJ, Rader F, Henglin M, Kim A, Ebinger JE, et al. Sex differences in blood pressure associations with cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation. 2021;143(7):761\u20133.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036885","volume":"53","author":"MT Mullen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mullen MT, Anderson CS. Review of long-term blood pressure control after intracerebral hemorrhage: challenges and opportunities. Stroke. 2022;53(7):2142\u201351.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"4525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2021-0216","volume":"80","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhang S. Passive smoking may be associated with bleeding of cerebral arteriovenous malformation in non-smoking women: a retrospective analysis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2022;80(6):557\u201362.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2020.04770","volume":"23","author":"S Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho S, Rehni AK, Dave KR. Tobacco use: a major risk factor of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke. 2021;23(1):37\u201350.","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104630","volume":"29","author":"H Sallinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sallinen H, Pietil\u00e4 A, Salomaa V, Strbian D. Risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(4):104630.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz087","volume":"55","author":"J Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng J, Wang H, Rong X, He L, Xiangpen L, Shen Q, et al. Cerebral hemorrhage and alcohol exposure: a review. Alcohol Alcohol. 2020;55(1):20\u20137.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"4525_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109822","volume":"245","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez-Rubio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rubio A, Sanvisens A, Barbier-Torres L, Blanes R, Miquel L, Torrens M, et al. Associations of hypomagnesemia in patients seeking a first treatment of alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;245:109822.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4525_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thangameeran SIM, Wang PK, Liew HK, Pang CY. Influence of alcohol on intracerebral hemorrhage: from oxidative stress to glial cell activation. Life (Basel). 2024;14(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14030311.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030311"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.104042","volume":"78","author":"SM DorhoutMees","year":"2007","unstructured":"DorhoutMees SM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Achieved serum magnesium concentrations and occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia and poor outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):729\u201331.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9836","key":"4525_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60724-7","volume":"380","author":"SM DorhoutMees","year":"2012","unstructured":"DorhoutMees SM, Algra A, Vandertop WP, van Kooten F, Kuijsten HA, Boiten J, et al. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9836):44\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04525-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04525-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04525-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T14:33:31Z","timestamp":1738420411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04525-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04525-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This database was approved by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA). It was a retrospective analysis of data from a publicly accessible data resource. Informed consent were waived for this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"73"}}