{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:13:12Z","timestamp":1772165592398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82360072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20232BAB216003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232BAB216003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011322","name":"Macau University of Science and Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["002\/2023\/ALC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/2023\/ALC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Development Fund,Macau,SAR","award":["006\/2023\/SKL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006\/2023\/SKL"]}]},{"name":"General Research Grants of Macau university of Science and Technology","award":["FRG-21-032-SKL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRG-21-032-SKL"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05008-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T04:41:30Z","timestamp":1752813690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between calcium intake and risk of congestive heart failure: a cross-sectional study from the 2003\u20132018 NHANES database"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiwei","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7795-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7092-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.12.002","volume":"106","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Aronowitz P. Congestive heart failure. Med Clin North Am. 2022;106(3):447\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.12.002.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"5008_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.049","volume":"81","author":"BA Borlaug","year":"2023","unstructured":"Borlaug BA, Sharma K, Shah SJ, Ho JE. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: JACC scientific statement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81:1810\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.049.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"5008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25","volume":"13","author":"B Ziaeian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziaeian B, Fonarow GC. Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;13:368\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"5008_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.059","volume":"75","author":"GM Felker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Felker GM, Ellison DH, Mullens W, Cox ZL, Testani JM. Diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:1178\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.059.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5008_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9100334","volume":"9","author":"P Scicchitano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scicchitano P, Iacoviello M, Passantino A, et al. Plasma levels of intact parathyroid hormone and congestion burden in heart failure: clinical correlations and prognostic role. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9(10):334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd9100334.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"5008_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17034","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317034","volume":"24","author":"K Terrell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Terrell K, Choi S, Choi S. Calcium\u2019s role and signaling in aging muscle, cellular senescence, and mineral interactions. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:17034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242317034.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5008_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.6.831","volume":"60","author":"F Bronner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bronner F. Calcium and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:831\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/60.6.831.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"5008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0394-8","volume":"17","author":"H Dridi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dridi H, Kushnir A, Zalk R, Yuan Q, Melville Z, Marks AR. Intracellular calcium leak in heart failure and atrial fibrillation: a unifying mechanism and therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:732\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-020-0394-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"5008_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01377-6","volume":"26","author":"H Dridi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dridi H, Liu Y, Reiken S, Liu X, Argyrousi EK, Yuan Q, Miotto MC, Sittenfeld L, Meddar A, Soni RK, et al. Heart failure-induced cognitive dysfunction is mediated by intracellular Ca2\u2009+\u2009leak through Ryanodine receptor type 2. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:1365\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-023-01377-6.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"5008_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14743","volume":"1511","author":"MW Bourassa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bourassa MW, Abrams SA, Beliz\u00e1n JM, Boy E, Cormick G, Quijano CD, Gibson S, Gomes F, Hofmeyr GJ, Humphrey J, et al. Interventions to improve calcium intake through foods in populations with low intake. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2022;1511:40\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14743.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"5008_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040718","volume":"11","author":"JK Hodges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hodges JK, Cao, Cladis DP, Weaver CM. Lactose intolerance and bone health: the challenge of ensuring adequate calcium intake. Nutrients. 2019;11:718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11040718.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5008_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132829","volume":"15","author":"NM Al-Daghri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Daghri NM, Hussain SD, Alnaami AM, Aljohani N, Sabico S. Dietary calcium intake and osteoporosis risk in Arab adults. Nutrients. 2023;15:2829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15132829.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"5008_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.65","volume":"14","author":"SM Dunlay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(10):591\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.65.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"5008_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F,\u2026 Wilkoff BL. 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation\/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128(16):1810\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829e8807.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829e8807"},{"key":"5008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez J-C, M\u00fcller M. pROC: an open-source package for R and S\u2009+\u2009to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"5008_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073661","volume":"25","author":"R Jaksik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaksik R, Szuma\u0142a K, Dinh KN, \u015amieja J. Multiomics-based feature extraction and selection for the prediction of lung cancer survival. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:3661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25073661.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5008_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000059745.95643.83","volume":"107","author":"AR Marks","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marks AR. A guide for the perplexed: towards an Understanding of the molecular basis of heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107:1456\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000059745.95643.83.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5008_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62834","volume":"123","author":"AR Marks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marks AR. Calcium cycling proteins and heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutics. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:46\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI62834.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"5008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1389974","volume":"227","author":"AA Schmaltz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmaltz AA. Chronic congestive heart failure in infancy and childhood: new aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Klin Padiatr. 2015;227:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0034-1389974.","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"key":"5008_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb02968.x","volume":"45","author":"MW Rich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rich MW. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of congestive heart failure in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:968\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb02968.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5008_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00710-8","volume":"36","author":"TA Pana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pana TA, Dehghani M, Baradaran HR, Neal SR, Wood AD, Kwok CS, Loke YK, Luben RN, Mamas MA, Khaw K-T, et al. Calcium intake, calcium supplementation and cardiovascular disease and mortality in the British population: EPIC-norfolk prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36:669\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-020-00710-8.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004667","volume":"110","author":"EB Levitan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levitan EB, Shikany JM, Ahmed A, Snetselaar LG, Martin LW, Curb JD, Lewis CE. Calcium, magnesium and potassium intake and mortality in women with heart failure: the women\u2019s health initiative. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:179\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114512004667.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"5008_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9474","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249474","volume":"21","author":"Y Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel Y, Joseph J. Sodium intake and heart failure. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:9474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21249474.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05008-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05008-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05008-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T04:41:32Z","timestamp":1752813692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05008-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05008-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6449902\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involves human participants and was approved by NHANES was approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"518"}}